Differential Role of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits in Physical and Affective Nicotine Withdrawal Signs
Open accessAbstract
It has been suggested that the negative effects associated with nicotine withdrawal promote continued tobacco use and contribute to the high relapse rate of smoking behaviors. Thus, it is important to understand the receptor-mediated mechanisms underlying nicotine withdrawal to aid in the development of more successful smoking cessation therapies. The effects of nicotine withdrawal are mediated through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs); however, the role of nAChRs in nicotine withdrawal remains unclear. Therefore, we used mecamylamine-precipitated, spontaneous, and conditioned place aversion (CPA) withdrawal models to measure physical and affective signs of nicotine withdrawal in various nAChR knockout (KO) mice. beta2, alpha7, and alpha5 nAChR KO mice were chronically exposed to nicotine through surgically implanted osmotic minipumps. Our results show a loss of anxiety-related behavior and a loss of aversion in the CPA model in beta2 KO mice, whereas alpha7 and alpha5 KO mice displayed a loss of nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia and a reduction in somatic signs, respectively. These results suggest that beta2-containing nAChRs are involved in the affective signs of nicotine withdrawal, whereas non-beta2-containing nAChRs are more closely associated with physical signs of nicotine withdrawal; thus, the nAChR subtype composition may play an important role in the involvement of specific subtypes in nicotine withdrawal.
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α5 knockout mice show neither physical signs of spontaneous or mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal nor withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia.
“α5 KO mice do not display physical symptoms associated with both spontaneous and mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal (Salas et al. 2009) nor withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia (Jackson et al. 2008).”
From Nicotine Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as Jackson et al. 2008
Jackson et al.’s Results (‘Role of the α5 nAChR Subunit in Precipitated Nicotine Withdrawal’) report significant withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in α5 knockout mice, contrary to the part of the sentence cited to Jackson et al. The statement about spontaneous and mecamylamine-precipitated physical symptoms is cited to Salas et al. (2009), not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe β2*-subtype does not play a critical role in the physical symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
“This is consistent with the preclinical literature suggesting that the β2*-subtype does not play a critical role in the physical symptoms of nicotine withdrawal33, 76.”
From β2-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Availability During Acute and Prolonged Abstinence From Tobacco Smoking (2009) · cites this paper as [76]
The α5 null mutation does not appear to affect affective withdrawal symptoms such as conditioned place aversion.
“The α5 null mutation does not appear to influence affective symptoms such as withdrawal-induced CPA (Jackson et al. 2008).”
From Nicotine Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as Jackson et al. 2008
β2 knockout mice do not show the anxiety-related behaviors normally associated with withdrawal from chronic nicotine.
“However, the mutant mice do not exhibit anxiety-related behaviors normally associated with withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure (Jackson et al. 2008).”
From Nicotine Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as Jackson et al. 2008
Absence of α2, α5, or β4 nAChR subunits abolishes somatic manifestations of nicotine withdrawal.
“The MHb/IPN express nAChRs comprising the α2 (IPN), α5, and/or β4 nAChR subunits and absence of any one of those nAChR subunits abolishes the somatic manifestations of nicotine withdrawal [11, 81, 170].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [170]
β2-containing and α6-containing nAChRs are necessary for conditioned place aversion, but α5 and α7 do not affect it.
“Pharmacological studies in nAChR null mice indicate that β2-containing and α6-containing nAChRs are necessary for CPA, but neither the α5, nor the α7 subunits affect CPA behavior [170, 172, 189].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [170]
β2 and α6 nAChR subunits are necessary for increased anxiety during withdrawal, whereas α5 and α7 may not be required.
“So far, it has been established that the β2 and α6 nAChR subunits are necessary for increased anxiety during withdrawal [170, 172], whereas, α5 and α7 may not be required [170].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [170]
Not all withdrawal symptoms are mediated by β2* nAChRs; β4*, α5*, and α7 nAChRs, but not β2* nAChRs, contribute to somatic withdrawal symptoms.
“not all withdrawal symptoms are mediated by β2* nAChRs; for example, β4*, α5*, and α7 nAChRs, but not β2* nAChRs, contribute to somatic withdrawal symptoms (Jackson et al., 2008; Salas et al., 2007; Salas et al., 2004).”
From The duration of nicotine withdrawal-associated deficits in contextual fear conditioning parallels changes in hippocampal high affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptor upregulation (2012) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 2008
SePhaChARNS probably does not explain withdrawal.
“SePhaChARNS probably does not explain withdrawal (13,14),”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [14]
Knockout mice for the α5 subunit display a reduction in the somatic but not affective signs of nicotine withdrawal, probably arising from autonomic ganglia and other peripheral α3* nAChRs.
“Knockout mice for the α5 subunit display a reduction in the somatic but not affective signs of nicotine withdrawal, probably arising from autonomic ganglia and other peripheral α3* nAChRs (14).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [14]
b2 knockout mice, bereft of a4b2* heterodimers, have reduced anxiety during withdrawal from long-term nicotine and after mecamylamine precipitated withdrawal from nicotine.
“Additionally, b2 knockout mice and, therefore, bereft of a4b2* heterodimers have reduced anxiety during withdrawal from long-term nicotine and after mecamylamine precipitated withdrawal from nicotine (Jackson et al., 2008).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 2008
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“The α5 null mutation does not appear to influence affective symptoms such as withdrawal-induced CPA (Jackson et al. 2008).”
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“However, it should be noted that not all withdrawal symptoms are mediated by b2* nAChRs; for example, b4*, a5*, and a7 nAChRs, but not b2* nAChRs, contribute to somatic withdrawal symptoms (Jackson et al., 2008; Salas et al., 2007, 2004).”
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- Authors
- Jackson, K. J., Martin, B. R., Changeux, J. P., & Damaj, M. I.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 302-312
- ISSN
- 0022-3565 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3821841
- OpenAlex
- W1965573444
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA012610, DA 05274, DA-12610, P50DA005274)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nicotine withdrawal, beta2 nAChR, alpha7 nAChR, conditioned place aversion, anxiety, hyperalgesia, somatic withdrawal signs, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Nicotine, Receptors, Nicotinic, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Mice, Knockout, Protein Subunits, Mice, alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
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