Ultrasound modulation of macaque prefrontal cortex selectively alters credit assignment-related activity and behavior
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Credit assignment is the association of specific instances of reward to the specific events, such as a particular choice, that caused them. Without credit assignment, choice values reflect an approximate estimate of how good the environment was when the choice was made—the global reward state—rather than exactly which outcome the choice caused. Combined transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging in macaques demonstrate credit assignment–related activity in prefrontal area 47/12o, and when this signal was disrupted with TUS, choice value representations across the brain were impaired. As a consequence, behavior was no longer guided by choice value, and decision-making was poorer. By contrast, global reward state–related activity in the adjacent anterior insula remained intact and determined decision-making after prefrontal disruption.
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Existing lines of evidence emphasize the causal importance of area 47/12o for credit assignment.
“Some existing lines of evidence emphasize the causal importance of area 47/12o for credit assignment,35”
From Two prefrontal-subcortical circuits estimate controllability and reflect its impact on learning (2026) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Folloni, D., Fouragnan, E., Wittmann, M. K., Roumazeilles, L., Tankelevitch, L., Verhagen, L., Attali, D., Aubry, J.-F., Sallet, J., & Rushworth, M. F. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Folloni, Davide
- Fouragnan, Elsa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science Advances
- Published
- 2021-12-17
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 51
- Pages
- eabg7700-eabg7700
- ISSN
- 2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8673758
- OpenAlex
- W4200506935
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 4.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation
- Wellcome Trust (203139/Z/16/Z, 105238, 105651, MR/P024955/1, 221794/Z/20/Z, 203139, 105238/Z/14/Z, WT101092MA, 105651/Z/14/Z, 100973/Z/13/Z, 101092/Z/13/Z, 203139/Z/16)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-EQPX-0015)
- Fondation Bettencourt Schueller
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council (203139/Z/16/Z, MR/P024955/1, MR/T023007/1)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/M011224/1)
- Clarendon Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- credit assignment, prefrontal cortex, transcranial ultrasound stimulation, choice value, decision-making, anterior insula, macaque, reward learning
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