A Basal Forebrain-Cingulate Circuit in Macaques Decides It Is Time to Act
Open accessAbstract
The medial frontal cortex has been linked to voluntary action, but an explanation of why decisions to act emerge at particular points in time has been lacking. We show that, in macaques, decisions about whether and when to act are predicted by a set of features defining the animal's current and past context; for example, respectively, cues indicating the current average rate of reward and recent previous voluntary action decisions. We show that activity in two brain areas-the anterior cingulate cortex and basal forebrain-tracks these contextual factors and mediates their effects on behavior in distinct ways. We use focused transcranial ultrasound to selectively and effectively stimulate deep in the brain, even as deep as the basal forebrain, and demonstrate that alteration of activity in the two areas changes decisions about when to act.
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Khalighinejad, N., Bongioanni, A., Verhagen, L., Folloni, D., Attali, D., Aubry, J.-F., Sallet, J., & Rushworth, M. F. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Khalighinejad, Nima
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 370-384.e8
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6975166
- OpenAlex
- W2981615366
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 6.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-EQPX-15)
- Wellcome Trust (105238/Z/14/Z, 203139/Z/16/Z, WT101092MA, 105651/Z/14/Z)
- Fondation Bettencourt Schueller
- Medical Research Council (MR/P024955/1, MRC G0902373, G0902373)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- anterior cingulate cortex, basal forebrain, action timing, medial frontal cortex, contextual cues, reward rate, voluntary action, macaque, neural circuits
- MeSH terms
- Ultrasonic Waves, Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Cues, Decision Making, Gyrus Cinguli, Macaca, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Time Factors, Deep Brain Stimulation, Functional Neuroimaging, Basal Forebrain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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