Human IRGM Induces Autophagy to Eliminate Intracellular Mycobacteria
Abstract
Immunity-related p47 guanosine triphosphatases (IRG) play a role in defense against intracellular pathogens. We found that the murine Irgm1 (LRG-47) guanosine triphosphatase induced autophagy and generated large autolysosomal organelles as a mechanism for the elimination of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis . We also identified a function for a human IRG protein in the control of intracellular pathogens and report that the human Irgm1 ortholog, IRGM, plays a role in autophagy and in the reduction of intracellular bacillary load.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Infection-induced autophagy by IFN-γ activation or by starvation requires activation of the small GTPase LRG47 (IRGM in humans).
“Infection-induced autophagy by IFN-γ activation or by starvation requires activation of the small GTPase LRG47 (IRGM in humans) (76, 77).”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [76]
Functional IRGM1 dampens IL1B maturation by interfering in NLRP3 inflammasome assembly.
“Recently, it has been shown that functional IRGM1 (immunity‐related GTPase family M member 1), a Crohn disease risk factor (Parkes et al, 2007) which participates in the autophagy‐dependent elimination of intracellular pathogens (Singh et al, 2006; Kumar et al, 2020), dampens IL1B maturation by interfering in NRLP3 inflammasome assembly.”
From Autophagy in major human diseases (2021) · cites this paper as Singh et al, 2006
Cites
LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing.
Kabeya, Y., Mizushima, N., Ueno, T., Yamamoto, A., Kirisako, T., Noda, T., Kominami, E., Ohsumi, Y., & Yoshimori, T. (2000) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/19.21.5720 · Cited by 6,605 · see citing works
Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1
Liang, X. H., Jackson, S., Seaman, M., Brown, K., Kempkes, B., Hibshoosh, H., & Levine, B. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/45257 · Cited by 3,347 · see citing works
Autophagy in Health and Disease: A Double-Edged Sword
Shintani, T., & Klionsky, D. J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1099993 · Cited by 2,532 · see citing works
Gutierrez, M. G., Master, S. S., Singh, S. B., Taylor, G. A., Colombo, M. I., & Deretic, V. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.038 · Cited by 2,252 · see citing works
Self-citationAutophagy Defends Cells Against Invading Group A Streptococcus
Nakagawa, I., Amano, A., Mizushima, N., Yamamoto, A., Yamaguchi, H., Kamimoto, T., Nara, A., Funao, J., Nakata, M., Tsuda, K., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103966 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works
Autophagy Regulates Programmed Cell Death during the Plant Innate Immune Response
Liu, Y., Schiff, M., Czymmek, K. J., Tallóczy, Z., Levine, B., & Dinesh‐Kumar, S. P. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.03.007 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Endogenous MHC Class II Processing of a Viral Nuclear Antigen After Autophagy
Paludan, C., Schmid, D., Landthaler, M., Vockerodt, M., Kube, D., Tuschl, T., & Münz, C. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104904 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Escape of Intracellular Shigella from Autophagy
Ogawa, M., Yoshimori, T., Suzuki, T., Sagara, H., Mizushima, N., & Sasakawa, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1106036 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Beclin–phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase complex functions at the trans‐Golgi network
Kihara, A., Kabeya, Y., Ohsumi, Y., & Yoshimori, T. (2001) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve061 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Eating Oneself and Uninvited Guests
Levine, B. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.005 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Immune Control of Tuberculosis by IFN-γ-Inducible LRG-47
MacMicking, J. D., Taylor, G. A., & McKinney, J. D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1088063 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Self-citationAutophagy Controls Salmonella Infection in Response to Damage to the Salmonella-containing Vacuole
Birmingham, C. L., Smith, A. C., Bakowski, M. A., Yoshimori, T., & Brumell, J. H. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m509157200 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
The mitochondrial permeability transition initiates autophagy in rat hepatocytes
Elmore, S. P., Qian, T., Grissom, S. F., & Lemasters, J. J. (2001) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.01-0206fje · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Furuya, N., Yu, J., Byfield, M. P., Pattingre, S., & Levine, B. (2005) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.1.1.1542 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Disruption of Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuoles by the Mouse p47-Resistance GTPases
Martens, S., Parvanova, I., Zerrahn, J., Griffiths, G. W., Schell, G., Reichmann, G., & Howard, J. C. (2005) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0010024 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Zeng, X., Overmeyer, J. H., & Maltese, W. A. (2006) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.02735 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Bekpen, C., Hunn, J. P., Rohde, C., Parvanova, I., Guethlein, L., Dunn, D. M., Glowalla, E., Leptin, M., & Howard, J. C. (2005) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-11-r92 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
p47 GTPases: regulators of immunity to intracellular pathogens
Taylor, G. A., Feng, C. G., & Sher, A. (2004) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1270 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationAutophagy in Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Xu, Y., & Eissa, N. T. (2010) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200909-103js · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Seglen, P. O., Gordon, P. B., & Holen, I. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Feng, C. G., Collazo, C. M., Eckhaus, M., Hieny, S. E., Belkaid, Y., Elkins, K. L., Jankovic, D. L., Taylor, G. A., & Sher, A. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1163 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationAutophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
Deretic, V. (2005) · Trends in immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune control of phagosomal bacteria by p47 GTPases
MacMicking, J. D. (2005) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.012 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Autophagy in Immunity and Infection
Deretic, V. P. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/352760880x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Management Committee, Burton, P. R., Clayton, D. G., Cardon, L. R., Craddock, N., Deloukas, P., Duncanson, A., Kwiatkowski, D. P., McCarthy, M. I., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05911 · Cited by 9,442 · see citing works
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition).
Klionsky, D. J., Abdelmohsen, K., Abe, A., Abedin, M. J., Abeliovich, H., Acevedo Arozena, A., Adachi, H., Adams, C. M., Adams, P. D., Adeli, K., et al. (2016) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356 · Cited by 5,894 · see citing works
Self-citationUnravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
Xavier, R. J., & Podolsky, D. K. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06005 · Cited by 4,364 · see citing works
Autophagy in immunity and inflammation
Levine, B., Mizushima, N., & Virgin, H. W. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09782 · Cited by 3,289 · see citing works
Klionsky, D. J., Abdel-Aziz, A. K., Abdelfatah, S., Abdellatif, M., Abdoli, A., Abel, S., Abeliovich, H., Abildgaard, M. H., Abudu, Y. P., Acevedo-Arozena, A., et al. (2021) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280 · Cited by 2,622 · see citing works
Self-citationKaser, A., Zeissig, S., & Blumberg, R. S. (2010) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101225 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
Rioux, J. D., Xavier, R. J., Taylor, K. D., Silverberg, M. S., Goyette, P., Huett, A., Green, T., Kuballa, P., Barmada, M. M., Datta, L. W., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2032 · Cited by 1,769 · see citing works
Autophagy in major human diseases
Klionsky, D. J., Petroni, G., Amaravadi, R. K., Baehrecke, E. H., Ballabio, A., Boya, P., Bravo‐San Pedro, J. M., Cadwell, K., Cecconi, F., Choi, A. M. K., et al. (2021) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2021108863 · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
Self-citationToll-like receptor signalling in macrophages links the autophagy pathway to phagocytosis
Sanjuan, M. A., Dillon, C. P., Tait, S. W. G., Moshiach, S., Dorsey, F., Connell, S., Komatsu, M., Tanaka, K., Cleveland, J. L., Withoff, S., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06421 · Cited by 1,347 · see citing works
Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria
Weiss, G., & Schaible, U. E. (2015) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12266 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes and bacterial evasion strategies
Flannagan, R. S., Cosío, G., & Grinstein, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2128 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
The genetics and immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
Cho, J. H. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2340 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Autophagy-Independent Functions of the Autophagy Machinery
Galluzzi, L., & Green, D. R. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.026 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
“In partial support of this possibility, both ATG7, which catalyzes the ATG12-ATG5 conjugation, and the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex are required for the control of murine norovirus infection by macrophages exposed to IFN-g (Hwang et al., 2012), via a mechanism that does not rely on ATG4-dependent LC3 processing, autopha…”
BackgroundInfluentialAutophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism
Deretic, V. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.018 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Self-citationWatson, R. O., Manzanillo, P. S., & Cox, J. S. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.040 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Deletion polymorphism upstream of IRGM associated with altered IRGM expression and Crohn's disease
McCarroll, S. A., Huett, A., Kuballa, P., Chilewski, S. D., Landry, A., Goyette, P., Zody, M. C., Hall, J. L., Brant, S. R., Cho, J. H., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.215 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Common disorders are quantitative traits
Plomin, R., Haworth, C. M. A., & Davis, O. S. P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2670 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Autophagy and inflammation in chronic respiratory disease
Racanelli, A. C., Kikkers, S. A., Choi, A. M. K., & Cloonan, S. M. (2018) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2017.1389823 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Autophagy pathway intersects with HIV-1 biosynthesis and regulates viral yields in macrophages
Kyei, G. B., Dinkins, C., Davis, A. S., Roberts, E., Singh, S. B., Dong, C., Wu, L., Kominami, E., Ueno, T., Yamamoto, A., et al. (2009) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200903070 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Self-citationA Family of IFN-γ–Inducible 65-kD GTPases Protects Against Bacterial Infection
Kim, B.-H., Shenoy, A. R., Kumar, P., Das, R., Tiwari, S., & MacMicking, J. D. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1201711 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Autophagy in Antimicrobial Immunity
Gomes, L. C., & Dikic, I. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.009 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Modulation of inflammation by autophagy: Consequences for human disease
Netea-Maier, R. T., Plantinga, T. S., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Smit, J. W., & Netea, M. G. (2016) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2015.1071759 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Survival of Mycobacteria in Macrophages Is Mediated by Coronin 1-Dependent Activation of Calcineurin
Jayachandran, R., Sundaramurthy, V., Combaluzier, B., Mueller, P., Korf, H., Huygen, K., Miyazaki, T., Albrecht, I., Massner, J., & Pieters, J. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.043 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Lee, J.-W., Nam, H., Kim, L. E., Jeon, Y., Min, H., Ha, S., Lee, Y., Kim, S.-Y., Lee, S. J., Kim, E.-K., et al. (2019) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1556946 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>Evades Killing by Autophagy During Colonization of Host Cells
Birmingham, C. L., Canadien, V., Gouin, E., Troy, E. B., Yoshimori, T., Cossart, P., Higgins, D. E., & Brumell, J. H. (2007) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.4450 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Mehto, S., Jena, K. K., Nath, P., Chauhan, S., Kolapalli, S. P., Das, S. K., Sahoo, P. K., Jain, A., Taylor, G. A., & Chauhan, S. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.018 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationRoos, D. (2016) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldw009 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Sirt3 promotes antimycobacterial defenses by coordinating mitochondrial and autophagic functions
Kim, T. S., Jin, Y. B., Kim, Y. S., Kim, S., Kim, J. K., Lee, H.-M., Suh, H.-W., Choe, J. H., Kim, Y. J., Koo, B.-S., et al. (2019) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1582743 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Delay of phagosome maturation by a mycobacterial lipid is reversed by nitric oxide
Axelrod, S., Oschkinat, H., Enders, J., Schlegel, B., Brinkmann, V., Kaufmann, S. H. E., Haas, A., & Schaible, U. E. (2008) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01147.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Feast or famine: the host-pathogen battle over amino acids
Zhang, Y. J., & Rubin, E. J. (2013) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.12140 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Jain, A., Choi, S. W., da Silva, G. P. D., Allers, L., Mudd, M. H., Peters, R. S., Anonsen, J. H., Rusten, T.-E., Lazarou, M., et al. (2020) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-020-0549-1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationInnate immunity to mycobacteria: vitamin D and autophagy
Jo, E.-K. (2010) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01491.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Autophagy in Pulmonary Diseases
Nakahira, K., Pabon Porras, M. A., & Choi, A. M. K. (2016) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201512-2468so · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Noncanonical Fungal Autophagy Inhibits Inflammation in Response to IFN-γ via DAPK1
Oikonomou, V., Moretti, S., Renga, G., Galosi, C., Borghi, M., Pariano, M., Puccetti, M., Palmerini, C. A., Amico, L., Carotti, A., et al. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.10.012 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Panda, P. K., Fahrner, A., Vats, S., Seranova, E., Sharma, V., Chipara, M., Desai, P., Torresi, J., Rosenstock, T., Kumar, D., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2019.00038 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Peng, J. C., Ran, Z. H., & Shen, J. (2015) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-015-2250-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Linking Lysosomal Trafficking Defects with Changes in Aging and Stress Response in<i>Drosophila</i>
Simonsen, A., Cumming, R. C., & Finley, K. D. (2007) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.4604 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
E. coli-mediated gut inflammation in genetically predisposed Crohn's disease patients
Barnich, N., Denizot, J., & Darfeuille-Michaud, A. (2013) · Pathologie Biologie · doi:10.1016/j.patbio.2010.01.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bartens, M.-C., Gibson, A. J., Etherington, G. J., Di Palma, F., Holder, A., Werling, D., & Willcocks, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.764390 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Singh, S. B., Davis, A. S., Taylor, G. A., & Deretic, V.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Corresponding author
- Deretic, Vojo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2006-09-08
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 5792
- Pages
- 1438-1441
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2042260827
- Cited by
- 915
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 39.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007538, AI42999, AI 45148, R01AI045148, AI-57831, R01AI057831)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- immunity-related GTPases, IRGM, Irgm1, autophagy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, intracellular pathogen clearance, autolysosomes, host defense against mycobacteria, bacillary load
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autophagy, Cell Line, Cytosol, HeLa Cells, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Lysosomes, Macrophages, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Mycobacterium bovis, Phagosomes, Transfection, Vacuoles, GTP-Binding Proteins, RNA, Small Interfering, Microbial Viability, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review