Mirror Neurons Differentially Encode the Peripersonal and Extrapersonal Space of Monkeys
Abstract
Actions performed by others may have different relevance for the observer, and thus lead to different behavioral responses, depending on the regions of space in which they are executed. We found that in rhesus monkeys, the premotor cortex neurons activated by both the execution and the observation of motor acts (mirror neurons) are differentially modulated by the location in space of the observed motor acts relative to the monkey, with about half of them preferring either the monkey's peripersonal or extrapersonal space. A portion of these spatially selective mirror neurons encode space according to a metric representation, whereas other neurons encode space in operational terms, changing their properties according to the possibility that the monkey will interact with the object. These results suggest that a set of mirror neurons encodes the observed motor acts not only for action understanding, but also to analyze such acts in terms of features that are relevant to generating appropriate behaviors.
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Mirror neurons in PMVr display preferential activity for stimuli located in PPS.
“Mirror neurons in PMVr also display preferential activity for stimuli located in the PPS (Caggiano et al. 2009).”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as Caggiano et al. 2009
The single cell data suggest that relatively few mirror neurons have the field properties one would expect of a system designed by genetic evolution to represent high-level action intentions.
“However, the single cell data again suggest that relatively few MNs have the field properties one would expect of a system designed by genetic evolution to represent high-level action intentions.”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Caggiano et al., 2009
Prior investigations in rodents and primates have provided evidence for neurons that encode information about other individuals, demonstrating changes in activity when animals observe another's appetitive or aversive experiences.
“Prior investigations in rodents and primates, for example, have provided evidence for the presence of neurons that encode information about other individuals, demonstrating changes in activity when the animals observe another’s appetitive or aversive experiences 1–11.”
From Reduced sociability and social agency encoding in adult Shank3-mutant mice are restored through gene re-expression in real time (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Previous investigations have provided insight into how discrete aspects of another animal's experience, such as receipt of reward, may be encoded by cells.
“Previous investigations have provided insight into how discrete aspects of another animal’s experience, such as receipt of reward, may be encoded by cells 1–7,9.”
From Reduced sociability and social agency encoding in adult Shank3-mutant mice are restored through gene re-expression in real time (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
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Albertini, D., Lanzilotto, M., Maranesi, M., & Bonini, L. (2021) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00296.2021 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Caggiano, V., Fogassi, L., Rizzolatti, G., Thier, P., & Casile, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Parma (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Casile, Antonino
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-04-17
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 5925
- Pages
- 403-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2137701569
- Cited by
- 361
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 32.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, peripersonal space, extrapersonal space, rhesus monkeys, premotor cortex, action observation, spatial coding, metric representation, operational representations, action understanding, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Macaca mulatta, Male, Mental Processes, Motor Activity, Motor Cortex, Neurons, Personal Space, Psychomotor Performance, Space Perception, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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