Expanding the mirror: vicarious activity for actions, emotions, and sensations
Abstract
We often empathically share the states of others. The discovery of 'mirror neurons' suggested a neural mechanism for monkeys to share the actions of others. Here we expand this view by showing that mirror neurons for actions not only exist in the premotor cortex or in monkeys and that vicarious activity can also be measured for the emotions and sensations of others. Although we still need to empirically explore the function and development of these vicarious activations, we should stop thinking of vicarious brain activity as a peculiar property of the premotor cortex: instead it seems to be a very common phenomenon which leads social stimuli to recruit a wide range of seemingly private neural systems.
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Neural resonance or brain-to-brain coupling is a robust and consistent phenomenon in emotion perception studies.
“Scientists referred to this as 'neural resonance' or 'brain-to-brain coupling' and have documented that this is a robust and consistent phenomenon in emotion perception studies (Anders et al., 2011;Jackson et al., 2005;Jackson et al., 2006b;Keysers and Gazzola, 2009;Lloyd et al., 2004;Prehn-Kristensen et al., 2009).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Keysers and Gazzola, 2009
These difficulties have been associated with anatomical and functional differences in the empathy network.
“These difficulties have been associated with anatomical and functional differences in the empathy network5–10.”
From Randomized clinical trial shows no substantial modulation of empathy-related neural activation by intranasal oxytocin in autism (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Keysers, Christian
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 666-671
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2139426300
- Cited by
- 472
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, empathy, emotional sharing, premotor cortex, social cognition, neural mechanisms of empathy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Psychomotor Performance, Social Perception
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