Evolution of mirror systems: a simple mechanism for complex cognitive functions
Open accessAbstract
Mirror neurons (MNs) were first discovered in monkeys and subsequently in humans and birds. While MNs are deemed to play a number of high‐level cognitive functions, here we propose that they serve a unitary form of sensorimotor recognition of others’ behavior. We caution that this basic function should not be confounded with the higher order functions that stem from the wider cortical systems in which MNs are embedded. Depending on the species, MNs function at different levels of motor event recognition, from motor goals to fine grained movements, thus contributing to social learning and imitative phenomena. Recent studies show that MNs coding has a prospective nature, suggesting that MNs also play a role in anticipating and predicting the behavior of others during social interactions. The presence of mirroring mechanisms in subcortical structures related to visceromotor reactions and the large diffusion of imitative phenomena among animals suggest that MN systems may be more ancient and widespread than previously thought.
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There is a shared hypothalamic cell population that is sensitive to both watching and performing retrieval, reminiscent of mirror or 'social' cells in other brain structures.
“Thus, there is a shared hypothalamic cell population that is sensitive to both watching and performing retrieval, reminiscent of mirror or ‘social’ cells in other brain structures19,20.”
From Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
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Mirror neurons: from origin to function
Cook, R., Bird, G., Catmur, C., Press, C., & Heyes, C. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13000903 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour
Carcea, I., Caraballo, N. L., Marlin, B. J., Ooyama, R., Riceberg, J. S., Mendoza Navarro, J. M., Opendak, M., Diaz, V. E., Schuster, L., Alvarado Torres, M. I., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03814-7 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum
Barton, R. A. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0112 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Caligiore, D., Pezzulo, G., Miall, R. C., & Baldassarre, G. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.016 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bonini, L., & Ferrari, P. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Parma (IT)
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 1225
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 166-175
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC3113469
- OpenAlex
- W2010118636
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD064653)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, mirror system, imitation, social learning, social cognition, prediction of others' behavior, animal imitation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cognition, Biological Evolution, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Biological, Motor Activity, Nerve Net, Phylogeny
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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