Cited by 875Resilience and Mental HealthPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and Cortisol

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The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

Southwick, Steven M., Charney, Dennis S.·2012·Science

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Abstract

Human responses to stress and trauma vary widely. Some people develop trauma-related psychological disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression; others develop mild to moderate psychological symptoms that resolve rapidly; still others report no new psychological symptoms in response to traumatic stress. Individual variability in how animals and humans respond to stress and trauma depends on numerous genetic, developmental, cognitive, psychological, and neurobiological risk and protective factors.

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Social influences on neuroplasticity: stress and interventions to promote well-being
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Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor–5-HTTLPR Gene Interactions and Environmental Modifiers of Depression in Children
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Increasing Psychological Well‐Being and Resilience by Psychotherapeutic Methods
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Background
Zusammenhänge zwischen selbstberichteter Resilienz, wahrgenommener sozialer Unterstützung und Wohlbefinden bei Mitgliedern der Freiwilligen Feuerwehr
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Background
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Background
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Wang, Y. H., Cai, Q., Sui, K., Yuan, R., & Liu, C. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000043314 · Cited by 2
“[17] Although individuals cannot avoid experiencing various traumas and adversities, their PR can serve as a “buffer” offering protection between negative events and adverse outcomes.”
Psychological and neuro-morphological predictors of resilience in healthy adults: the whole is more than the sum of its parts
Fabrizio, C., Picerni, E., Laricchiuta, D., Decandia, D., Piras, F., Termine, A., Spalletta, G., Petrosini, L., & Cutuli, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1597835 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Social Support and Resilience on Depression among Institutionalized and Non-institutionalized Elderly People
Adil, M., Ali, S., Haider, M., Afridi, M., Khan, S. U., & Semary, H. E. (2025) · Journal of Disability Research · doi:10.57197/jdr-2025-0009 · Cited by 1
Randomized controlled trial of stress management and resiliency training for depression (SMART-D)-pilot study
Seshadri, A., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Harper, L., Clark, M. M., Singh, B., Chesak, S. S., Kaur, A. S., McGillivray, J., & Frye, M. A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328539 · Cited by 1
“Successful adaptation (i.e., stress inoculation) can confer resilience to future stress [11].”
Anxiety and self-efficacy in Chinese lung cancer patients: cross-lagged effects and the mediation of resilience
Zhu, J., Li, W., Gao, S.-R., Ye, M., Yang, L., Li, X., Guo, J.-Y., Huang, L., Li, J.-N., & Li, Y. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09852-5 · Cited by 1
“The American Psychological Association defines resilience as a “process” ability that allows individuals to adapt well to adversity, trauma, tragedy, and even severe stressors [14].”
Mental health profiles of migrants: a latent profile analysis of life satisfaction, psychological wellbeing, resilience and risk indicators
Çoşkun, F., & KİYE, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1643759 · Cited by 1
“Resilience is basically deﬁned as the ability to bounce back from diﬃcult experiences and traumas and to cope with them in an adaptive way (Southwick and Charney, 2012) and is positively correlated with protective factors such as optimism, hope, self-eﬃcacy and social support in migrants…”
Narratives of Resilience. Introduction
Rigby, K., & Zemanek, E. (2025) · Environmental humanities · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71079-1_1 · Cited by 1
Psychological resilience buffers the effects of care burden on depression and quality of life: a moderated mediation model in stroke caregivers
Yu, S.-H., & Chen, C.-Y. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2576215 · Cited by 1
Neurobiological and emotional impact of occupational stress in frontline police officers: a neuroimaging and neurochemical study
Wang, W.-Y., Lin, Y.-C., Liu, Y.-H., Lee, P., Lin, S.-H. N., Chang, L.-H., & Lin, C. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2572187 · Cited by 1
“These interpersonal challenges impose a profound and chronic strain on neural circuits responsible for threat appraisal, emotion regulation, and empathy (Fridman et al., 2019; Schipper & Petermann, 2013; Southwick & Charney, 2012).”
The WONE Index as a Multidimensional Assessment of Stress Resilience: A Development and Validation Study
Roos, L. G., Gilliland, D., Julian, K. M., & Misra, R. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/81714 · Cited by 1
“While stress is common, individuals vary dramatically in their capacity to maintain well-being and adapt effectively under adversity—a quality captured by the concept of stress resilience [3-5].”
Selecting an appropriate stress model of depression in rodents
Lu, X.-X., Tang, H., & Li, X. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.113433 · Cited by 2
Mediating effects of positive coping styles among oncology nurses between psychological resilience and professional grief: a cross-sectional study
Luo, M., Guo, Q., Yan, S., Huang, M., & Wang, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-28402-x · Cited by 1
“On the one hand, highly resilient nurses possess greater adaptability, self-confidence, and problem-solving capacity, allowing them to appraise adversity more optimistically, remain calmer under pressure, and continuously readjust their mindset to the changes imposed by negative events 47–50 .”
Associative memory neurons are recruited in PFC-centered circuits to encode schizophrenia-like behavior by dopaminergic receptor-II
Wang, L., Zhang, J., Geng, L., Chen, B., Li, J., Xu, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03388-0 · Cited by 1
“The social stress leads to the fear memory for posttraumatic stress disorders and the weird memory for schizophrenia [15, 18, 20, 48 – 57, 60, 61, 63 – 69].”
How does understanding stress response mechanisms in inhabitants help us build a resilient city?
Mierzejewska, L., Śliwowska, J. H., Lechowska, E., Wdowicka, M., Szejnfeld, M., Modrzewski, B., Sikorska-Podyma, K., Hoffmann-Pawlak, N., & Grzęda, E. (2025) · Quaestiones Geographicae · doi:10.14746/quageo-2025-0038 · Cited by 1
Resilience and post-traumatic stress symptoms in grandparents following their grandchild’s cancer diagnosis from a multicenter cohort study in Switzerland (The GROKids project)
Raguindin, P. F., Maas, A., Ilic, A., Priboi, C., Roser, K., Farrag, A., Schilling, F. H., Tanriver, U., Diesch, T., Scheinemann, K., et al. (2026) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-026-04490-7 · Cited by 1
“Continuous or long-term exposure to stress may result in a decline in resilience, consistent with the stress-resilience theory [32–34].”
Non-invasive physiological indicators of welfare in dairy cows
Kremer, L., van Reenen, K., Kok, A., Bokkers, E. A. M., Gort, G., Engel, J., van der Werf, J. T. N., & Webb, L. E. (2026) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/awf.2026.10063 · Cited by 1
“While the underlying mechanisms behind individual resilience remain largely unknown (Southwick & Charney 2012; Southwick et al. 2014), empirical studies have highlighted the role of psychological factors in one ’ s ability to respond to adversity (De la Fuente et al. 2021).”
Circuit-informed modulation of traumatic memory in PTSD: integrating extinction, suppression, and reconsolidation
Yi, X., Zhang, Y., Yu, T.-Z., Yang, X., He, P., Li, H.-L., & Li, W.-G. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03458-x · Cited by 1
“Resilience — successful adaptation in the face of stress — partly depends on the capacity to down-weight or block retrieval of aversive material before it captures attention and affect [28, 123 – 129].”
Childhood immunomodulatory biomarkers and risk of depression and psychosis-spectrum outcomes at age 24: longitudinal evidence from the ALSPAC birth cohort
Ghelfi, L., Mongan, D., Murphy, J., Staines, L., Healy, C., Susai, S. R., Khandaker, G. M., Cannon, M. D., & Cotter, D. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106828 · Cited by 1
La fragilità dei pazienti in degenza riabilitativa per chirurgia ortopedica: il ruolo della resilienza
Antonietti, A., Beacco, F., Chiozzi, F., Iannello, P., Mottini, A., Panella, L., & Sciumè, L. (2015) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2015-002002 · Cited by 1
Mechanisms of the resilience of bicultural exchange and prevention of demoralization under prolonged and persistent acculturative stress
de Figueiredo, J. M. (2014) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2014.892524 · Cited by 1
“Neurobiological differences in the ability to mobilize the adaptive strategies may have contributed to the choice between ‘staying and fighting’ and ‘leaving and starting anew’ (Southwick & Charney, 2012).”
Background
Psychological Distress and Resilience among Partners of Cancer Patients Receiving Outpatient Chemotherapy
Ishizuka, N., Takano, T., Miura, Y., Suyama, K., Shimomura, A., & Matsushima, E. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2017.88045 · Cited by 1
The Relationship of Attachment Characteristics, Resilience, Depression, Anxiety and Somatization Symptoms With Infertility Related Stress and Treatment Outcome in Women Undergone IVF Treatment
Polat, A. Ö., Kalcı, P., & Karaş, H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.24865 · Cited by 1
“Bu bulgumuz yılmazlığın depresyon ve anksiyeteye karşı koruyu-cu olduğu görüşüyle uyumludur (38).”
Enzephalopathien bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen
Reiff, J., & Braus, D. F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36915-5_24 · Cited by 1
Resilience and Personality Disorders in Older Age
Rosowsky, E., & Peters, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04555-5_3 · Cited by 1
Adverse drug reactions with antidepressants drugs: Significance of pharmacovigilance in depression pharmacotherapy
Karataş, Y., Khan, Z., & Khan, F. U. (2022) · Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi · doi:10.17827/aktd.1112770 · Cited by 1
Psychosocial Risk in COVID Context: The Impact of Economic Factors and Labour Protection Policy (ERTEs) in Spain
Iglesias-Martínez, E., Legaspi, P. Y., Tomás, E. A., & Llosa, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031824 · Cited by 1
Psychological Care of Persons with Parkinson’s disease: Neuropsychological and Jungian Perspectives
Prigatano, G. P., Meites, T. M., & Walls, B. D. (2022) · Praxis Psy · doi:10.32995/praxispsy.v23i37.185 · Cited by 1
Emergency Communications Operators
Beamer, A., Thomas, T., White, S. L., & Hasselt, V. B. V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38149-2_5 · Cited by 1
Identification of Relationships Among Resilience Factors Using Network Analysis: A Pilot Study
Niitsu, K., Lee, C., & Rice, M. J. (2023) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903231212908 · Cited by 1
“There is no universally agreed upon definition of psychological resilience because it is a complex multidimensional construct (Southwick & Charney, 2012).”
Helping consumers weather the storm: the impact of consumer-targeted resiliency programs on firm value
Bahmani, N., & Yazdanparast, A. (2024) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-07-2023-0382 · Cited by 1
Böbrek ve Karaciğer Nakli Olan Hastalarda Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Uğuz, Ö., Doğan, S., & Keskin, G. (2024) · Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.53490/egehemsire.1124726 · Cited by 1
Mental Resilience
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“Southwick and Charney (2012) defined resilience as "the process of adjusting successfully amid adversity, trauma, disaster, and even large sources of harm."”
Background
Retirement Preparedness: An Exploration of Coping Strategies and Psychological Resilience of Military Personnel Approaching Retirement
-, D. R., & -, L. L. (2024) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i03.16933 · Cited by 1
Integrativer Ansatz zum Stress
Tafet, G. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58285-1_5 · Cited by 1
The extraordinary “ordinary magic” of resilience
Grigorenko, E. L. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000841 · Cited by 3
Investigation of cognitive flexibility and psychological resilance in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder
Çelik, S. B., Oğur, B., & Ataoğlu, D. E. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08260-6 · Cited by 1

Authors: Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Charney, Dennis S.
ORCID: Southwick, Steven M.
Charney, Dennis S.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2012-10-05
Volume: 338
Issue: 6103
Pages: 79-82
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1222942
OpenAlex: W1996620918
Cited by: 875
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 41.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: resilience, depression, depression prevention, depression treatment, stress response, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, interindividual variability, risk and protective factors, genetic factors, neurobiology of stress
MeSH terms: Animals, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Resilience, Psychological

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The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

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