Cited by 875Resilience and Mental HealthPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and Cortisol

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The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

Southwick, Steven M., Charney, Dennis S.·2012·Science

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Abstract

Human responses to stress and trauma vary widely. Some people develop trauma-related psychological disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression; others develop mild to moderate psychological symptoms that resolve rapidly; still others report no new psychological symptoms in response to traumatic stress. Individual variability in how animals and humans respond to stress and trauma depends on numerous genetic, developmental, cognitive, psychological, and neurobiological risk and protective factors.

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Crossref · 10.1126/science.1222942

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Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression.
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Feder, A., Nestler, E. J., & Charney, D. S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2649 · Cited by 1,272
Self-citation
Social influences on neuroplasticity: stress and interventions to promote well-being
Davidson, R. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3093 · Cited by 892
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Self-citation
Comprehensive Soldier Fitness: Building resilience in a challenging institutional context.
Cornum, R. L., Matthews, M. D., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2011) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0021420 · Cited by 466
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Increasing Psychological Well‐Being and Resilience by Psychotherapeutic Methods
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Background
Differential effects of chronic stress in young-adult and old female mice: cognitive-behavioral manifestations and neurobiological correlates
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Tol, W. A. (2015) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2015.9 · Cited by 34
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Background
Bumetanide treatment during early development rescues maternal separation-induced susceptibility to stress
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“Resilience factors can be learned through training or community-based intervention programs, making resilience-based research useful for the development of interventions (Agaibi & Wilson; Igartua, Gill, & Montoro, 2003; Southwick & Charney, 2012).”
Background
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“, a resilience to the chronic stress (14).”
Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Self-citation
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Background
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Background
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Method
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“…Anikeeva et al., 2010; Galatzer-Levy et al., 2013; Ghaffarian, 1998; Ghazinour, 2003; Ham, Joanna, Ujano-Batangan, Ignacio, & Wolffers, 2014; Keshishian, 2000; Khavarpour & Rissel, 1997; Noorbala, Bagheri Yazdi, & Hafezi, 2012; Sharifi et al., 2015; Southwick & Charney, 2012; VicHealth, 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Predictors of PTSD Treatment Response Trajectories in a Sample of Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors: The Roles of Social Support, Coping, and PTSD Symptom Clusters
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Background
Prediction of Learned Resistance or Helplessness by Hippocampal-Prefrontal Cortical Network Activity during Stress
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Childhood sexual abuse as a potential predictor of psychotic like experiences in Tunisian college students
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Background
GABA(B) receptors within the lateral habenula modulate stress resilience and vulnerability in mice
Li, Z.-L., Wang, Y., Zou, H.-W., Jing, X.-Y., Liu, Y.-J., & Li, L. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113311 · Cited by 30
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Walker, A. L., Witteveen, A. B., Otten, R. H. J., Verhoeven, C. J. M., Henrichs, J., & de Jonge, A. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.60 · Cited by 31
“48,49 A recent meta-analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of ACT in successfully reducing mild depressive symptoms in the general population.”
GPCR-mediated calcium and cAMP signaling determines psychosocial stress susceptibility and resiliency
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Influence of gut microbiota on resilience and its possible mechanisms
Wang, J., Zhou, T., Liu, F., Huang, Y., Xiao, Z., Qian, Y., & Zhou, W. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.82362 · Cited by 30
“The emerging concept of resilience is relatively novel in neuroscience, while psychologists initially defined resilience as "the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress" [1].”
Background
A Mobile Videoconference-Based Intervention on Stress Reduction and Resilience Enhancement in Employees: Randomized Controlled Trial
Kim, J. I., Yun, J., Park, H., Park, S.-Y., Ahn, Y., Lee, H., Kim, T.-K., Yoon, S., Lee, Y.-J., Oh, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10760 · Cited by 29
Impact of resilience on the improvement of depressive symptoms after cognitive therapies for depression in a sample of young adults
Konradt, C. E., Cardoso, T. D. A., Mondin, T. C., Souza, L. D. D. M., Kapczinski, F. P., da Silva, R. A., & Jansen, K. (2018) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0047 · Cited by 28
mRNA and miRNA profiles in the nucleus accumbens are related to fear memory and anxiety induced by physical or psychological stress
Du, K., Lu, W., Sun, Y., Feng, J., & Wang, J. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.08.013 · Cited by 28
Stress and resilience among women living with HIV in Nigeria
Adamu, A., Mchunu, G. G., & Naidoo, J. R. (2019) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v11i1.2046 · Cited by 27
Behavioral Traits Associated With Resilience to the Effects of Repeated Social Defeat on Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice
Calpe-López, C., García-Pardo, M. P., Martínez-Caballero, M. Á., Santos-Ortíz, A., & Aguilar, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00278 · Cited by 27
“In fact, most are resilient and display an adaptive response to stress that ensures a relatively normal physical and psychological function (Southwick and Charney, 2012).”
Background
Neuroprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on experimental stress-induced depression in male rats
Zavvari, F., Nahavandi, A., & Shahbazi, A. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101799 · Cited by 28
Childhood adversity and psychotic disorders: Epidemiological evidence, theoretical models and clinical considerations
Rosenfield, P., Jiang, D., & Pauselli, L. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.005 · Cited by 33
A latent class analysis of resilience and its relationship with depressive symptoms in the parents of children with cancer
Luo, Y., Wang, A., Zeng, Y., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-022-06860-7 · Cited by 28
“These results supported those of previous studies, which showed that resilience can buffer against depressive symptoms [48, 49].”
Result
Correlations Among Psychological Resilience, Cognitive Fusion, and Depressed Emotions in Patients with Depression
Chen, N. C., Xi, J., Hu, C., & Fan, X. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13020100 · Cited by 27
“Measures like social support, coping self-efficacy and improving physical health [28] should also be taken to help patients with low education levels improve their psychological resilience, and decrease anxiety and depression.”
Background
Functional rs6265 polymorphism in the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene confers protection against neurocognitive dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder among Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Guo, J., Yang, Y., Zheng, J., Min, G., Wang, X., Gao, Y., Fu, L., Jiang, X., Fu, L., & Huang, T. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.28328 · Cited by 27
“Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is identified as a trauma‐related psychological disorder that is caused by a threat to the physical integrity of an individual and results in intense fear or helplessness.(1,2) In addition to physical suffering, patients with various cancer often suffer from distress as a result of…”
Background
Fostering Existential Maturity to Manage Terror in a Pandemic
Emanuel, L. L., Solomon, S., Fitchett, G. A., Chochinov, H. M., Handzo, G. F., Schoppee, T. M., & Wilkie, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2020.0263 · Cited by 27
“54,55 Even more broadly, in a world responding to climate change, human survival will require coordinated efforts by cognitively nimble and emotionally intelligent individual and state actors willing to explore a variety of political, economic, technical, and religious approaches to fostering a…”
Perceived risk of COVID-19 hurts mental health: the mediating role of fear of COVID-19 and the moderating role of resilience
Lu, H. J., Yang, J., Zhao, K., Zhou, J., Wen, X., Hu, N., Yang, H., Sun, Z., Chen, H., Huang, Y., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05511-x · Cited by 27
“The importance of resilience stems from its ability to help individuals actively adapt to severe adversity, maintain mental health, recover from disasters [38] and protect individuals from depression [39] and anxiety [40].”
Background
Burnout and Resiliency in Canadian Oncology Residents: A Nationwide Resident and Program Director Survey
Dahn, H., McGibbon, A., & Bowes, D. (2018) · Practical Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.prro.2018.08.001 · Cited by 26
iTRAQ-based proteomics suggests LRP6, NPY and NPY2R perturbation in the hippocampus involved in CSDS may induce resilience and susceptibility
He, Y., Li, W., Tian, Y., Chen, X., Cheng, K., Xu, K., Li, C., Wang, H., Qu, C.-H., Wang, C., et al. (2018) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.016 · Cited by 26
Qualitative analysis of resilience characteristics of people with unilateral transtibial amputation
Miller, M. J., Mealer, M. L., Cook, P. F., So, N. F., Morris, M. A., & Christiansen, C. L. (2020) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100925 · Cited by 26
The Role of Future Time Perspective, Body Awareness, and Social Connectedness in the Relationship Between Self-efficacy and Resilience
O’Neill, E., Clarke, P., Fido, D., & Vione, K. C. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00434-6 · Cited by 31
Model Konseptual Resiliensi di Masa Pandemi Covid-19: Pengaruh Religiusitas, Dukungan Sosial dan Spiritualitas
Oktavia, W. K., & Muhopilah, P. (2021) · Psikologika Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.20885/psikologika.vol26.iss1.art1 · Cited by 40
Resilience buffers the effects of sleep problems on the trajectory of suicidal ideation from adolescence through young adulthood
Chang, L., Chang, Y., Wu, C.-C., Chang, J. J., Yen, L.-L., & Chang, H. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114020 · Cited by 27
Heterogeneity in Psychological Resilience and Mental Health among Newly Graduated Nursing Students: A Latent Profile and Generalized Additive Model Analysis
Mei, X., Wu, X. N., Wang, H. Y., Wu, J. Y., Wang, X. Q., & Ye, Z. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s348661 · Cited by 26
Help-seeking attitudes and behaviours among humanitarian aid workers
Stevens, G. J., Sharma, A., & Skeoch, K. (2022) · Journal of International Humanitarian Action · doi:10.1186/s41018-022-00126-x · Cited by 26
“This training supports skill and asset development such as stress recognition, the need for supportive social networks and developing emotional distance (Southwick and Charney 2012).”
Background
Brain Activity and Network Interactions in the Impact of Internal Emotional Distraction
Iordan, A. D., Dolcos, S. M., & Dolcos, F. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy129 · Cited by 29
Optimizing brain performance: Identifying mechanisms of adaptive neurobiological plasticity
Lambert, K. G., Eisch, A. J., Galea, L. A. M., Kempermann, G., & Merzenich, M. M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.033 · Cited by 26
“experiential and neurobiological influences (Southwick and Charney, 2012).”
Background
Resilience in adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis: A pilot feasibility study of the promoting resilience in stress management intervention
Toprak, D., Nay, L., McNamara, S., Rosenberg, A. R., Rosenfeld, M., & Yi‐Frazier, J. P. (2019) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.24574 · Cited by 26
The effect of childhood trauma on suicide risk: the chain mediating effects of resilience and mental distress
Yao, K., Chen, P., Zhou, H., Ruan, J., Chen, D., Yang, X., & Zhou, Y. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05348-w · Cited by 31
“Individuals with high levels of resilience tend to show higher cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation abilities [16], exhibit more adaptation when faced with adversity, and therefore have better ability to resist suicide risk [17].”
Background
Well-being, austerity and policing
Hesketh, I., Cooper, C. L., & Ivy, J. (2015) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x15598950 · Cited by 25
“There are many resilience training programmes available, some of which employ cognitive behavioural techniques, such as The Penn Resiliency Program and the Military’s Battlemind or Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program (Southwick and Charney, 2012).”
Method
microRNA and mRNA profiles in the amygdala are relevant to fear memory induced by physical or psychological stress
Sun, Y., Lu, W., Du, K., & Wang, J. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00215.2019 · Cited by 25
“In general, acute severe stress induces anxiety, and chronic mild stress leads to depression (Overstreet 2012; Southwick and Charney 2012; Sun et al. 2018; Willner et al. 1987; Zhu et al. 2017).”
Background
The impacts of resilience on the association between illness uncertainty and sleep quality among Chinese women with systemic lupus erythematosus
Li, T., Cui, C., Li, Y., & Wang, L. (2020) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04898-3 · Cited by 26
Resilience, self-compassion, and indices of psychological wellbeing: a not so simple set of relationships
Bag, S. D., Kilby, C. J., Kent, J. N., Brooker, J., & Sherman, K. A. (2022) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2022.2089543 · Cited by 24
“…neurobiological effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary -adrenal axis [a key neurological and endocrinological structure in the stress response (Southwick & Charney, 2012)] while self-compassion is associated with a series of other neurological structures involved in self-directed emotional…”
Background
Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress
Jochmann, A., Gusy, B., Lesener, T., & Wolter, C. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01761-2 · Cited by 42
“While some develop stress-related mental disorders, others experience mild psychological symptoms or no symptoms at all [67].”
Background
Suicide in individuals with no psychiatric disorders: what makes you vulnerable?
Sher, L. (2023) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcad279 · Cited by 25
Genotype, resilience and function and physical activity post hip fracture
Resnick, B. M., Klinedinst, N. J., Yerges‐Armstrong, L. M., Magaziner, J. S., Orwig, D., Hochberg, M. C., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., & Dorsey, S. G. (2019) · International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ijotn.2019.03.005 · Cited by 24
“Prior research has shown that being exposed to acute or chronic stress can result in depression, anxiety or other types of negative psychological and physical outcomes (Farhang et al., 2014; Southwick and Charney, 2012; Taliaz et al., 2011).”
Resilience and Function in Adults With Chronic Physical Disabilities: A Cross-Lagged Panel Design
Battalio, S. L., Tang, C. L., & Jensen, M. P. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz048 · Cited by 24
Psychological resilience is correlated with dynamic changes in functional connectivity within the default mode network during a cognitive task
Miyagi, T., Oishi, N., Kobayashi, K., Ueno, T., Yoshimura, S., Murai, T., & Fujiwara, H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74283-7 · Cited by 22
Differences between problematic internet and smartphone use and their psychological risk factors in boys and girls: a network analysis
Rozgonjuk, D., Blinka, L., Löchner, N., Faltýnková, A., Husárová, D., & Montag, C. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00620-z · Cited by 32
“Resilience is a multidimensional construct defined as the ability to adapt positively to life conditions and thrive, even in the face of adversity [51].”
Background
Bridging the age spectrum of neurodegenerative storage diseases
Boland, B., & Platt, F. M. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.08.009 · Cited by 24
Resilience in Patients With Lung Cancer
Zhang, J., Yin, Y., Wang, A., Li, H., Li, J., Yang, S., Wu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000838 · Cited by 24
“Resilience also means the process of adapting well and promoting positive changes in the face of adversity, stress, trauma, and even some considerable threats.(8) It attracted increased attention in oncology nursing because of its important role in helping cancer patients adapt to hardships and promoting their mental…”
Background
Resilience and Mental Health in Adult Survivors of Child Abuse Associated with the Institution of the Austrian Catholic Church
Lueger‐Schuster, B., Weindl, D., Kantor, V., Knefel, M., Glück, T., Moy, Y., Butollo, A., & Jagsch, R. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21958 · Cited by 28
Seeing and Treating Violence as a Health Issue
Ransford, C., & Slutkin, G. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118924501.ch34 · Cited by 24

Authors: Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Charney, Dennis S.
ORCID: Southwick, Steven M.
Charney, Dennis S.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2012-10-05
Volume: 338
Issue: 6103
Pages: 79-82
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1222942
OpenAlex: W1996620918
Cited by: 875
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 41.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: resilience, depression, depression prevention, depression treatment, stress response, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, interindividual variability, risk and protective factors, genetic factors, neurobiology of stress
MeSH terms: Animals, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Resilience, Psychological

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The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

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