Cited by 875Resilience and Mental HealthPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and Cortisol

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The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

Southwick, Steven M., Charney, Dennis S.·2012·Science

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Abstract

Human responses to stress and trauma vary widely. Some people develop trauma-related psychological disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression; others develop mild to moderate psychological symptoms that resolve rapidly; still others report no new psychological symptoms in response to traumatic stress. Individual variability in how animals and humans respond to stress and trauma depends on numerous genetic, developmental, cognitive, psychological, and neurobiological risk and protective factors.

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“[38,39] 40–42] Similarly, hope and optimism are also positive health practices that can help to lower the levels of depression.”
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Molecular changes in nucleus accumbens due to amelioration of depressive-like behavior by housing with companion
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“…for example, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; the work of Bonanno & Mancini, 2012; Bonanno, Westphal, & Mancini, 2011; Mancini & Bonanno, 2006; Southwick & Charney, 2012a, 2012b); older adults (e.g., the work of Gwyther & Meglin, 2012; Resnick, Gwyther, & Roberto, 2010; Ryff, Friedman,…”
Background
Hormesis, Resilience and Mental Health: Enhancing Public Health and Therapeutic Options
Calabrese, V., Scuto, M. C., & Calabrese, E. J. (2020) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52663-4_28 · Cited by 5
Availability-Based Engineering Resilience Metric and Its Corresponding Evaluation Methodology
Cai, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Chang, Y., & Jiang, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6516-4_11 · Cited by 4
Models of Stress and Adapting to Risk
Rebok, G. W., Bradshaw, C. P., Volk, H. E., Mendelson, T., Eaton, W. W., Letourneau, E. J., & Kellam, S. G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190916602.003.0012 · Cited by 5
Suicide research and prevention: we need new, innovative approaches
Sher, L. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13060 · Cited by 4
“Resilience defined as the ability to adapt well in the face of stress and adversity is a critical protective factor against suicide (5, 6).”
BackgroundInfluential
The psychometric properties and gender invariance of the Italian version of the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire (I-PVDQ) during the COVID-19 pandemic
Chiesi, F., Marunic, G., Tagliaferro, C., & Lau, C. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-01023-z · Cited by 5
“Similarly, high levels of resiliency, conceived as a result of the interactions between internal resilience factors and environmental factors [89], facilitate successful adaptation and promote positive changes when confronting adversities, trauma, and stress [90], and consequently provide mental health protection [91,…”
Background
Emotional Control in Education: Insights From High‐Achievers in PISA 2022
Pongsophon, P. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23401 · Cited by 3
“This ability is critical for psychological well ‐ being and coping with life's challenges, as it determines how individuals respond to and recover from stressful events (Southwick and Charney 2012).”
Resilience and Mental Health in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Testing the Moderation Model of Physical Activity and Religiosity
da Silva‐Sauer, L., Costa-Fernandes, M., Ferreira, B. D. O., & Fernández‐Calvo, B. (2025) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-025-10470-w · Cited by 6
“Moreover, factors such as religiosity and physical activity (PA) play essential roles in supporting the MH of OAs by providing emotional support and reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression (Roh et al., 2015 ; Southwick & Charney, 2012 ).”
Factors influencing resilience and its relationship with spiritual coping strategies among nursing college students: a latent profile analysis
Hu, S., Liu, S., Yang, Q., Zhao, T., Batool, S., Xian, Y.-J., Liu, H., Xu, D., Hu, H., & Li, X. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03510-1 · Cited by 3
Exploring the role of resilience in selective prevention intervention for adolescents at risk of depression and anxiety in Nepal: findings from a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial
Singh, R. K., Khanal, P., Tol, W. A., Jefferies, P., Jordans, M. J. D., & Lund, C. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00964-8 · Cited by 4
“Resilience plays a protective role in reducing depression and anxiety [53], with adolescents having higher resilience being less likely to experience depression and anxiety [54–57].”
The Concept of Resilience in Supply Chain: A Grounded Theory Approach
Akhavan, P., Rajabion, L., & Philsoophian, M. (2021) · International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI) · doi:10.1109/csci54926.2021.00353 · Cited by 3
The generalization of behavioral control over physical threats to social stressors in humans: A pilot fMRI study
Blythe, J. S., Mansueto, A. C., Duken, S. B., & Cremers, H. R. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111598 · Cited by 6
Effects of Early Psychological Trauma on Limbic System Structure and Function
Kılıç, B. S. S. P., Saltoğlu, S., & Erdoğdu, E. (2024) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1356857 · Cited by 4
The moderating effect of resilience in the association between insomnia severity and PTSD symptoms in Lebanese adolescents in the aftermath of the 2023 earthquake
Dagher, D., Malaeb, D. N., Dabbous, M., Sakr, F., Khatib, S. E., Hallit, R. R., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2024.2373997 · Cited by 4
“High-Resilient individuals often have effective coping strategies to deal with trauma and emotional challenges, such as acceptance, positive reappraisal, and focus on planning (Southwick and Charney 2012).”
Mental Resilience in Schools
Ioannidou, L. M., Michael, K., Argyriadi, A., & Argyriadis, A. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5325-7.ch008 · Cited by 3
Intrinsic brain functional connectivity mediates the relationship between psychological resilience and cognitive decline in ageing
Chen, M., Gao, M., Ma, J., & Lee, T. M. C. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01529-5 · Cited by 3
“Previous studies have demonstrated that resilience could predict overall cognitive performance with higher resilience correlates with better cognitive functions in both adolescents and older adults [58, 67, 72].”
Conceptualizing resilience among health workers in the Gaza Strip: a scoping review
Nyhus, H. B., Tofthagen, R., Bruaset, G. T. F., Ekiz, P., & Abudayya, A. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200427 · Cited by 3
The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Locus of Control and Resilience in Primary School Students
Papoulidi, A., & Maniadaki, K. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15070138 · Cited by 3
“…of stressful events or traumatic experiences (Matheson et al., 2020), accelerate recovery in the face of adversity, and reduce the risk of developing mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Konaszewski et al., 2021; Southwick & Charney, 2012).”
Response to the Barth Commentary (2012)
Spieker, S. J., Oxford, M. L., Kelly, J. F., Nelson, E. M. M., & Fleming, C. B. (2012) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559512467396 · Cited by 3
“…outcome of PFR than child security, the conceptual foundation for both is attachment theory, and sensitivity is one of a constellation of positive parenting qualities that are predictive of long-term child outcomes (Landry, Smith, & Swank, 2006), including resilience (Southwick & Charney, 2012).”
Background
Krank durch chronischen Stress
Krähenmann, R., & Seifritz, E. (2019) · DNP - Der Neurologe und Psychiater · doi:10.1007/s15202-019-2113-z · Cited by 3
Preserved executive functioning and low stress symptoms in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Godoy, P. B. G., de Mello, C. B., Pompéia, S., da Costa, C. M. L., Cypriano, M., & Suchecki, D. (2020) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2020.1804907 · Cited by 3
“Because EF appears to be associated with coping and adaptation to stress situations (Feder et al., 2009; Maier et al., 2006), it is considered a potential protective factor for the development of psychiatric disorders after exposure to trauma (Masten & Barnes, 2018; Southwick & Charney, 2012).”
Background
ANALYSIS OF MODERN APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRENGTHENING OF THE INDIVIDUAL’S RESILIENCE
NaUKMA, Чернобровкін, В., Morozova, O., & NaUKMA (2021) · TECHNOLOGIES OF INTELLECT DEVELOPMENT · doi:10.31108/3.2021.5.1.11 · Cited by 5
The development and validation of the Resilience Index
van Wyk, M., Lipinska, G., Henry, M., Phillips, T. K., & van der Walt, P. E. (2022) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1080/15305058.2022.2036162 · Cited by 3
“…consisting of traitlike aspects (e.g., trait mindfulness) and dispositional aspects (e.g., optimism, gratitude), can affect the way in which an individual approaches and appraises stressors and challenges (Southwick & Charney, 2012; Southwick et al., 2005; Thompson et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Speech Fluency, Depression, and Resilience in Chronic Aphasia
Cangï, M. E., Uzun, D. E., & Gürel, İ. N. (2022) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2022.2094334 · Cited by 3
“Findings of depression may change how these individuals respond to stress in relation to their cognitive, genetic, developmental, neurobiological, and psychological risks (Southwick & Charney, 2012).”
Background
Physical Activity and Resilience among Middle-aged Japanese Adults
Ueno, Y., Hirano, M., & Oshio, A. (2024) · Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.4146/jjspopsy.2023-2210 · Cited by 3
Association of Anxiety/Depressive Symptoms with Psychotic-like Experiences: The Moderation Effect of Sex and Resilience
Long, M., Zhang, P., & Shi, J. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11080969 · Cited by 5
“As well as promoting healthy attachment [67], resilience training has been shown to help people regulate their emotions better and affect the way their brains process emotions [68].”
Background
Auditory cortical neurons are recruited to encode fear signals and anxiety by neuroligin-3-mediated synapse formation
Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Li, J., Wang, L., Xu, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03357-9 · Cited by 3
“The primary auditory cortex has been thought to Acute severe stress often induces fear memory and anxiety [1, 3 – 5, 7, 22, 25, 26, 107].”
A mentális rugalmasság idegtudománya
Janka, Z. (2017) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2017.30906 · Cited by 4
Faculty Videos of Resilience Narratives at Two Institutions
Wald, H. S., & Bursch, B. (2019) · International Journal of Innovative Teaching and Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.4018/ijitlhe.2020010102 · Cited by 3
Acute stress‐induced neuronal plasticity in the corticoid complex of 15‐day‐old chick, Gallus domesticus
Kumar, A. M., Arya, H., Tamta, K., & Maurya, R. C. (2021) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.13483 · Cited by 3
A Conceptualisation of Resilience Among Cancer Surviving Employed Women in Malaysia
Sumari, M. B., Kassim, N. M., & Razak, N. A. A. (2022) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5327 · Cited by 2
“…(Kobau et al., 2011), frustration, and misfortune (Ledesma, 2014); the restoration of positive functioning, especially when a situation becomes devastating (Padesky & Mooney, 2012), the ability to face hardship and trauma (Southwick & Charney, 2012), and having inner strength (Wagnild, 2009).”
Background
The Effects of Active Shooter Resilience Training Programs on College Students' Perceptions of Personal Safety
Snyder, G. M. (2014) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 3
Mood swings in cows : Cognitive and physiological assessments
Kremer, L. (2022) · doi:10.18174/562024 · Cited by 3

Authors: Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Charney, Dennis S.
ORCID: Southwick, Steven M.
Charney, Dennis S.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2012-10-05
Volume: 338
Issue: 6103
Pages: 79-82
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1222942
OpenAlex: W1996620918
Cited by: 875
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 41.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: resilience, depression, depression prevention, depression treatment, stress response, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, interindividual variability, risk and protective factors, genetic factors, neurobiology of stress
MeSH terms: Animals, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Resilience, Psychological

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The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

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