Cited by 875Resilience and Mental HealthPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and Cortisol

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The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

Southwick, Steven M., Charney, Dennis S.·2012·Science

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Abstract

Human responses to stress and trauma vary widely. Some people develop trauma-related psychological disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression; others develop mild to moderate psychological symptoms that resolve rapidly; still others report no new psychological symptoms in response to traumatic stress. Individual variability in how animals and humans respond to stress and trauma depends on numerous genetic, developmental, cognitive, psychological, and neurobiological risk and protective factors.

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Background
Traumatized attendings – When the doctor has the disease
Jackson, T. N., Jackson, D. L., Nelson, P. R., Kim, D. Y., Agrawal, V., & Truitt, M. S. (2021) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.05.010 · Cited by 15
Identifying Resilience Factors of Distress and Paranoia During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Five Countries
Mækelæ, M. J., Reggev, N., Dutra, N. B., Dutra, N. B., Tamayo, R. M., Klevjer, K., & Pfuhl, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661149 · Cited by 20
Evolution of Resilience Construct, Its Distinction with Hardiness, Mental Toughness, Work Engagement and Grit, and Implications to Future Healthcare Research
Roslan, N. S., Yusoff, M. S. B., Morgan, K., Razak, A. A., & Shauki, N. I. A. (2022) · Education in Medicine Journal · doi:10.21315/eimj2022.14.1.9 · Cited by 18
“Southwick and Charney (2012) have proposed the role of neuroplasticity (the human brain potential to change following individual experiences) in resilience development among patients with depression and post-traumatic stress disorders.”
Background
Jeopardized mental health of children and adolescents in coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Jin, B., Lee, S., & Chung, U. (2022) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/cep.2021.01753 · Cited by 15
Mediating Effect of Public Service Motivation and Resilience on the Association Between Work-Related Stress and Work Engagement of Public Workers in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jeong, D., Cho, I., Kim, K., Lee, J., Choi, J. M., Kim, J.-H., Kim, C., Yoo, S., & Chung, S. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0403 · Cited by 16
Learning from Normal Aging:Preserved Emotional Functioning Facilitates Adaptation among Early Alzheimer’s Disease Patient
Zhang, F., Ho, Y. W., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2015) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2014.0620 · Cited by 18
“dampen the automatic arousal generated by negative emotions, thus reducing the risk of depression [21, 22].”
Background
Short-term enriched environment exposure facilitates fear extinction in adult rats: The NPY-Y1 receptor modulation
Lach, G., Bicca, M. A., Hoeller, A. A., Santos, E. C. D. S., Costa, A. P., & de Lima, T. C. M. (2015) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2015.10.001 · Cited by 15
“edical University of Innsbruck, (Southwick and Charney, 2012; Wu et al., 2013).”
Associations between resilience and sociodemographic factors and depressive symptoms in women with systemic lupus erythematosus
García‐Carrasco, M., Pinto, C. M., León-Vázquez, J., Méndez‐Martínez, S., Munguía‐Realpozo, P., Etchegaray‐Morales, I., Montiel-Jarquín, Á. J., de Lara, L. G. V., Alonso-García, N. E., Gándara-Ramírez, J. L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.05.002 · Cited by 15
Patterns of Family, School, and Community Promotive Factors and Health Disparities Among Youth: Implications for Prevention Science
Liu, S. R., Kia‐Keating, M., & Nylund-Gibson, K. K. (2019) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-019-01021-5 · Cited by 15
The Effect of Prenatal Interventions on Self-Efficacy in Women During Childbirth - A Systematic Review
Timmermans, E. (2019) · Journal of Gynecology and Womens Health · doi:10.19080/jgwh.2019.16.555946 · Cited by 13
Building Resilience in Students: Managed and Minimised Stress in Students
Kassymova, G. K., Arpentieva, M. R., Жигитбекова, Б. Д., Schachl, H., Kosherbayeva, A. N., Аганина, К., Vafazov, F. R., Menshikov, P. V., Golubchikova, M. G., & Иванович, К. А. (2023) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304193 · Cited by 14
Effects of the CALM intervention on resilience in Chinese patients with early breast cancer: a randomized trial
Liu, S., Huang, R., Li, A., Yu, S., Yao, S., Xu, J., Tang, L., Li, W., Chen, G., & Cheng, H. (2023) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-023-05498-0 · Cited by 14
“Consequently, psychological resilience is of utmost relevance to managing and treating oncology patients (Bonanno and Diminich 2013, Masten 2014, Southwick and Charney 2012).”
Serum neuropeptide Y in accident survivors with depression or posttraumatic stress disorder
Nishi, D., Hashimoto, K., Noguchi, H., & Matsuoka, Y. (2014) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2014.03.009 · Cited by 14
“Some researchers have anticipated that enhancing NPY function might boost resilience or have an antidepressant effect (Southwick and Charney, 2012).”
Background
Addressing Depression Symptoms among University Students under COVID-19 Restrictions—The Mediating Role of Stress and the Moderating Role of Resilience
Liu, C., McCabe, M., Kellett-Renzella, S., Shankar, S., Gerges, N., & Cornish, K. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312752 · Cited by 16
“, positive and sustainable mental state that enables individuals to function efficiently [20]), and negatively associated with depressive symptoms [21].”
Background
Adolescent Stress Confers Resilience to Traumatic Stress Later in Life: Role of the Prefrontal Cortex
Cotella, E. M., Nawreen, N., Moloney, R. D., Martelle, S. E., Oshima, K. M., Lemen, P. M., NiBlack, J. N., Julakanti, R. R., Fitzgerald, M. E., Baccei, M. L., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.02.009 · Cited by 15
The Stress and Resilience Town Hall: A systems response to support the health workforce during COVID-19 and beyond
Tebes, J. K., Awad, M. N., Connors, E. H., Fineberg, S. K., Gordon, D. M., Jordan, A., Kravitz, R. E., Li, L., Ponce, A. N., Prabhu, M., et al. (2022) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.04.009 · Cited by 15
“Although the COVID-19 pandemic is a prolonged traumatic stressor, many healthcare workers report resilience despite experiencing adversity; that is, they report normative and even enhanced functioning or wellbeing in the aftermath of trauma [45,46].”
Background
Early Enriched Environment Prevents Epigenetic p11 Gene Changes Induced by Adulthood Stress in Mice
Seo, M. K., Choi, A., Seog, D., Lee, J. G., & Park, S. W. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041928 · Cited by 14
“Some people develop stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression, others develop mild to moderate psychiatric symptoms that recover quickly, and still others report no symptoms in response to stress [1,2].”
Context-dependent influence of threat on honey bee social network dynamics and brain gene expression
Traniello, I. M., Hamilton, A. R., Gernat, T., Cash-Ahmed, A. C., Harwood, G. P., Ray, A. M., Glavin, A., Torres, J. J., Goldenfeld, N. D., & Robinson, G. E. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.243738 · Cited by 12
“Second, harmful effects of experiencing social adversity are mitigated to some extent by affiliative interactions with other group members (Sippel et al., 2015; Southwick and Charney, 2012).”
Hubungan Religiusitas Dan Resiliensi Dalam Mempengaruhi Kesehatan Mental Masyarakat Terhadap Pandemic Covid 19
Tanamal, N. A. (2021) · JAGADDHITA Jurnal Kebhinnekaan dan Wawasan Kebangsaan · doi:10.30998/jagaddhita.v1i1.808 · Cited by 24
The chain mediating effects of resilience and perceived social support in the relationship between perceived stress and depression in patients with COVID-19
Wang, L., Yu, J., Diao, X., Zhang, Y., Miao, Y., & He, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1400267 · Cited by 14
“Resilience can bring a positive transformation for individuals in adversity, greater threat, or trauma (Southwick and Charney, 2012).”
Background
A review of psychological resilience: paving the path for sustainable consumption
Azam, H., Muhamad, N., & Talib, M. S. A. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2408436 · Cited by 19
“Similarly, Southwick and charney (2012) elaborated those executive functions such as flexible thinking and self-control, aid individuals in positive appraisal.”
Social isolation in the young and middle-aged patients with stroke: role of social support, family resilience and hope
Wu, X. A., Ke, K., Liu, H., Zhan, S. P., Wang, L., & He, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1499186 · Cited by 15
“Family resilience is de ﬁ ned as the ability of the family to cope with crises and stress, and to help family members recover, adapt and grow from dif ﬁ culties (42).”
Resposta ao estresse: II. Resiliência e vulnerabilidade
Coelho, N. L. G., da Silva, H. P. A., & de Sousa, M. B. C. (2015) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.5935/1678-4669.20150009 · Cited by 19
Internet Addiction Disorder and Mental Health in Adolescents
Masih, J., & Rajkumar, R. (2019) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · Cited by 13
Always on my mind: Cross-brain associations of mental health symptoms during simultaneous parent-child scanning
Cosgrove, K. T., Kerr, K. L., Aupperle, R. L., Ratliff, E. L., DeVille, D. C., Silk, J. S., Burrows, K., Moore, A. J., Antonacci, C., Misaki, M., et al. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100729 · Cited by 13
“These interpretations align with previous research that suggests adaptive emotion regulation is a protective factor against the development of major depressive disorder (Southwick and Charney, 2012; Troy and Mauss, 2011).”
Result
Personality dimensions could explain resilience in patients with eating disorders
Tsigkaropoulou, E., Ferentinos, P. P., Karavia, A., Gournellis, R., Gonidakis, F., Liappas, I., Douzenis, A., & Michopoulos, I. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01012-4 · Cited by 17
Resiliência em Médicos: Contributos para a Validação da Versão Portuguesa da Escala de Resiliência
Serrão, C., Castro, L., Teixeira, A., Rodrigues, A. R., & Duarte, I. (2021) · Acta Médica Portuguesa · doi:10.20344/amp.14657 · Cited by 13
Design of instructions for evacuating disabled adults
Boyce, M. W., Smither, J. A.-A., Fisher, D. O., & Hancock, P. A. (2016) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.05.010 · Cited by 13
The relationship between morningness-eveningness and resilience in mood disorder patients.
Chung, J., Choi, K.-S., Kang, H.-G., Jung, H.-Y.-O., & Joo, E. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.09.003 · Cited by 13
Resilience in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: How to Bend and not Break
Barthélemy, E. J., Thango, N. S., Höhne, J., Lippa, L., Kolias, A. G., & Germano, I. M. (2020) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.11.105 · Cited by 17
“Resilience may also be understood as the ability to, “bounce back from hardship and trauma,” and as defined by the American Psychological Association, “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or even significant sources of threat”.(17,18) This is a dynamic process that evolves o…”
Background
Turning the Tides: Coping with Trauma and Addiction through Residential Adolescent Group Therapy
Bougard, K. G., Laupola, T. M. T., Parker‐Dias, J., Creekmore, J., & Stangland, S. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12164 · Cited by 12
“…the effectiveness of resilience interventions that utilize a strengths-based approach to manage a variety of health disorders, including treatment approaches for adolescents and adults who have experienced ACEs (Chandler et al., 2015; Southwick & Charney, 2012; Steinhardt & Dolbier, 2008).”
Background
Loneliness and depression among Chinese drug users: Mediating effect of resilience and moderating effect of gender
Cao, Q., & Liu, L. (2019) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22262 · Cited by 13
The Anterior Piriform Cortex and Predator Odor Responses: Modulation by Inhibitory Circuits
Matsukawa, M., Yoshikawa, M., Katsuyama, N., Aizawa, S., & Sato, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.896525 · Cited by 12
“Although definitive biomarkers of PTSD remain elusive, dysregulation of various neurotransmitter systems has been implicated in the disorder (Arora et al., 1993; Geracioti, Baker et al., 2001; Krystal and Neumeister, 2009; Southwick and Charney, 2012).”
Background
Why collective resilience in journalism matters: A call to action in global media development
Relly, J. E., & Waisbord, S. (2022) · Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies · doi:10.1386/ajms_00089_1 · Cited by 12
Development and initial validation of the Mount Sinai Resilience Scale.
DePierro, J. M., Marin, D. B., Sharma, V., Katz, C. L., Pietrzak, R. H., Feder, A., Murrough, J. W., Starkweather, S., Marx, B. P., Southwick, S. M., et al. (2023) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001590 · Cited by 14
Self-citation

Authors: Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Charney, Dennis S.
ORCID: Southwick, Steven M.
Charney, Dennis S.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2012-10-05
Volume: 338
Issue: 6103
Pages: 79-82
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1222942
OpenAlex: W1996620918
Cited by: 875
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 41.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: resilience, depression, depression prevention, depression treatment, stress response, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, interindividual variability, risk and protective factors, genetic factors, neurobiology of stress
MeSH terms: Animals, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Resilience, Psychological

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The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

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