Biology in the Anthropocene: Challenges and insights from young fossil records
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With overwhelming evidence of change in habitats, biologists today must assume that few, if any, study areas are natural and that biological variability is superimposed on trends rather than stationary means. Paleobiological data from the youngest sedimentary record, including death assemblages actively accumulating on modern land surfaces and seabeds, provide unique information on the status of present-day species, communities, and biomes over the last few decades to millennia and on their responses to natural and anthropogenic environmental change. Key advances have established the accuracy and resolving power of paleobiological information derived from naturally preserved remains and of proxy evidence for environmental conditions and sample age so that fossil data can both implicate and exonerate human stressors as the drivers of biotic change and permit the effects of multiple stressors to be disentangled. Legacy effects from Industrial and even pre-Industrial anthropogenic extirpations, introductions, (de)nutrification, and habitat conversion commonly emerge as the primary factors underlying the present-day status of populations and communities; within the last 2 million years, climate change has rarely been sufficient to drive major extinction pulses absent other human pressures, which are now manifold. Young fossil records also provide rigorous access to the baseline composition and dynamics of modern-day biota under pre-Industrial conditions, where insights include the millennial-scale persistence of community structures, the dominant role of physical environmental conditions rather than biotic interactions in determining community composition and disassembly, and the existence of naturally alternating states.
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The paleontological expression of these assemblages will markedly differ from the typical Holocene fossil record as clearly recognizable, novel biostratigraphic zones.
“The paleontological expression of these assemblages will markedly differ from the typical Holocene fossil record as clearly recognizable, novel biostratigraphic zones ( 93 )”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [93]
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- Authors
- Kidwell, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kidwell, Susan M.
- ORCID
- Kidwell, Susan M.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-04-20
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 4922-4929
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4413286
- OpenAlex
- W2012932329
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 21.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (EAR-0345897, EAR-1124189)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- Anthropocene, paleobiology, human impact on biodiversity, legacy effects, species introduction, habitat conversion, community composition, community disassembly, pre-industrial baseline, climate change, extinction pulses, environmental proxies
- MeSH terms
- Environment, Fossils, Humans, Human Activities, Models, Biological, Paleontology, Time Factors, Earth, Planet
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