Summation and Division by Neurons in Primate Visual Cortex
Abstract
Recordings from monkey primary visual cortex (V1) were used to test a model for the visually driven responses of simple cells. According to the model, simple cells compute a linear sum of the responses of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons. In addition, each simple cell's linear response is divided by the pooled activity of a large number of other simple cells. The cell membrane performs both operations; synaptic currents are summed and then divided by the total membrane conductance. Current and conductance are decoupled (by a complementary arrangement of excitation and inhibition) so that current depends only on the LGN inputs and conductance depends only on the cortical inputs. Closed form expressions were derived for fitting and interpreting physiological data. The model accurately predicted responses to drifting grating stimuli of various contrasts, orientations, and spatiotemporal frequencies.
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This dynamic range can be adjusted through gain control mediated by the overall level of synaptic inhibition.
“In turn, this dynamic range can be adjusted through gain control that is mediated by the overall level of synaptic inhibition4,59,68,69.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Carandini, M., & Heeger, D. J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1994-05-27
- Volume
- 264
- Issue
- 5163
- Pages
- 1333-1336
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2038718814
- Cited by
- 649
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 9.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh050228-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1-R29-MH-50228-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- primary visual cortex, simple cells, lateral geniculate nucleus, synaptic summation, membrane conductance, excitation-inhibition balance, contrast sensitivity, orientation selectivity, monkey visual cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Conductivity, Geniculate Bodies, Macaca, Membrane Potentials, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Synapses, Visual Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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