The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 28 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Daily energy expenditure through the human life course
Open accessAbstract
A lifetime of change: Measurements of total and basal energy in a large cohort of subjects at ages spanning from before birth to old age document distinct changes that occur during a human lifetime. Pontzer et al . report that energy expenditure (adjusted for weight) in neonates was like that of adults but increased substantially in the first year of life (see the Perspective by Rhoads and Anderson). It then gradually declined until young individuals reached adult characteristics, which were maintained from age 20 to 60 years. Older individuals showed reduced energy expenditure. Tissue metabolism thus appears not to be constant but rather to undergo transitions at critical junctures. —LBR
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For subjects between 9 and 15 months, adjusted total and basal expenditures were nearly ~50% elevated compared to adults (Figure 2).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Neonates (0 to 1 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“Adjusted total expenditure declined at a rate of −2.8 ± 0.1% per year from 147.8 ± 22.6% for subjects 1 – 2 y (n = 102) to 102.7 ± 18.1% for subjects 20 – 25 y (n = 314; Tables S2, S4).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Juveniles (1 to 20 y):
plaincorrelationaln = 314- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but sex had no detectable effect on the rate of decline in adjusted total expenditure with age (sex:age interaction p=0.30).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Juveniles (1 to 20 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but body size-adjusted expenditures steadily declined.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Juveniles (1 to 20 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Neonates in the first month of life had size-adjusted energy expenditures similar to adults, with adjusted total expenditure of 99.0 ± 17.2% (n = 35)”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Neonates (0 to 1 y):
plainn = 35- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“adjusted total expenditure rose 84.7 ± 7.2% per year from birth to a break point at 0.7 years (95% CI: 0.6, 0.8)”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Neonates (0 to 1 y):
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A similar decline (−3.8 ± 0.2% per year) and break point (18.0 y, 95% CI: 16.8, 19.2) were evident in adjusted basal expenditure”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Juveniles (1 to 20 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a similar rise (75.5 ± 5.6%) and break point (1.0 y, 95% CI: 0.9, 1.1) were evident in adjusted basal expenditure”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Neonates (0 to 1 y):
plaindirectn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In multivariate regression for subjects 1 to 20 y, males had a higher total expenditure and adjusted total expenditure (Tables S2, S3)”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Juveniles (1 to 20 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We show that total expenditure is strongly related to fat free mass in a power-law manner”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“We found that both total and basal expenditure increased with fat free mass in a power-law manner (TEE= 0.677FFM0.708, r2=0.83 Figures 1, S1, S2, Table S1).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and adjusted basal expenditure of 78.1 ± 15.0% (n = 34; Figure 2).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Neonates (0 to 1 y):
plainn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No pubertal increases in adjusted total or basal expenditure were evident among subjects 10 – 15 y.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Juveniles (1 to 20 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Segmented regression analysis identified a break point at 63.0 y (95% CI: 60.1, 65.9), after which adjusted TEE begins to decline.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Adults (20 to 60 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, body size, particularly fat free mass, accounted for most (83%) of the variation in daily expenditure”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This break point was somewhat earlier for adjusted basal expenditure (46.5, 95% CI: 40.6, 52.4)”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Adults (20 to 60 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Segmented regression analysis of (Methods) revealed four distinct phases of adjusted (or residual) total and basal expenditure over the lifespan.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“identify four distinct metabolic life stages”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For subjects in their nineties, adjusted TEE was ~26% below that of middle-aged adults.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Models that hold physical activity or tissue-specific metabolic rates constant over the lifespan do not reproduce the observed patterns of age-related change in absolute or adjusted measures of total or basal expenditure (Figure 3).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Activity costs are proportional to body weight.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Basal expenditure can be modeled as a power function of fat-free mass multiplied by a tissue-specific metabolism term.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, there is considerable metabolic variation among individuals, with TEE and its components varying more than ± 20% even when controlling for fat free mass, fat mass, sex, and age (Figure 1, 2, Table S2).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but the relatively small number of basal measures for 45 – 65 y (Figure 2D) reduces our precision in determining this break point.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Adults (20 to 60 y):
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Declines in expenditure are not only a function of reduced fat free mass and fat mass, however.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“consistent with previous work indicating that tissue-specific metabolic rates are elevated in children and adolescents (22, 24) and reduced in older adults (21, 23, 25).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Hsu A Larger mass of high-metabolic-rate organs does not explain higher resting energy expenditure in children. Am J Clin Nutr 77, 1506– 1511 (2003). 12791631 source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Wang Z A cellular level approach to predicting resting energy expenditure: Evaluation of applicability in adolescents. Am J Hum Biol 22, 476– 483 (2010). 20058259 PMC2883012 source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Gallagher D, Allen A, Wang Z, Heymsfield SB, Krasnow N, Smaller organ tissue mass in the elderly fails to explain lower resting metabolic rate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904, 449– 455 (2000). 10865788 source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Wang Z Specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues across adulthood: evaluation by mechanistic model of resting energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 92, 1369– 1377 (2010). 20962155 PMC2980962 source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Wang Z, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB, Shen W, Gallagher D, A cellular-level approach to predicting resting energy expenditure across the adult years. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 799– 806 (2005). 15817855 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“consistent with the hypothesis that energy intake is coupled to expenditure (20).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Blundell JE The drive to eat in homo sapiens: Energy expenditure drives energy intake. Physiol Behav 219, 112846 (2020). 32081814 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which is consistent with adjusted expenditures of neonates (both ~100%; Figure 2) in the first weeks after birth.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Organs with a high tissue-specific metabolic rate, particularly the brain and liver, account for a greater proportion of fat free mass in young individuals”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Total expenditure increases with age as children grow (10)”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Butte NF, Fat intake of children in relation to energy requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 72, 1246s– 1252s (2000). 11063466 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At rest, the tissue-specific metabolic rates (Watts/gram) of the heart, liver, brain, and kidneys are much greater than those of the muscles and other lean tissue or fat (21–25).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Gallagher D, Allen A, Wang Z, Heymsfield SB, Krasnow N, Smaller organ tissue mass in the elderly fails to explain lower resting metabolic rate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904, 449– 455 (2000). 10865788 source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Hsu A Larger mass of high-metabolic-rate organs does not explain higher resting energy expenditure in children. Am J Clin Nutr 77, 1506– 1511 (2003). 12791631 source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Wang Z Specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues across adulthood: evaluation by mechanistic model of resting energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 92, 1369– 1377 (2010). 20962155 PMC2980962 source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Wang Z A cellular level approach to predicting resting energy expenditure: Evaluation of applicability in adolescents. Am J Hum Biol 22, 476– 483 (2010). 20058259 PMC2883012 source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Wang Z, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB, Shen W, Gallagher D, A cellular-level approach to predicting resting energy expenditure across the adult years. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 799– 806 (2005). 15817855 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, the stability of adjusted total and basal expenditures at ~100% during pregnancy (Figure 2B) indicates that the growing fetus maintains a fat free mass- and fat mass-adjusted metabolic rate similar to adults”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“calculating total expenditure from isotopic measurements using a single, validated equation for all subjects (17).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Speakman JR A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled water studies. Cell Rep Med 2, 100203 (2021). 33665639 PMC7897799 source
plainn = 6,421- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“but doubly labeled water studies to date have been limited in sample size (n < 600), geographic and socioeconomic representation, and/or age (6–9).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Black AE, Coward WA, Cole TJ, Prentice AM, Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr 50, 72– 92 (1996). 8641250
- Not checked yetcites [7] Dugas LR Energy expenditure in adults living in developing compared with industrialized countries: a meta-analysis of doubly labeled water studies. Am J Clin Nutr 93, 427– 441 (2011). 21159791 PMC3021434 source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Pontzer H Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Adaptation to Physical Activity in Adult Humans. Curr Biol 26, 410– 417 (2016). 26832439 PMC4803033 source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Speakman JR, Westerterp KR, Associations between energy demands, physical activity, and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 92, 826– 834 (2010). 20810973 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This early period of metabolic acceleration corresponds to a critical period in early development in which growth often falters in nutritionally-stressed populations (19).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Alderman H, Headey D, The timing of growth faltering has important implications for observational analyses of the underlying determinants of nutrition outcomes. PLoS One 13, e0195904 (2018). 29694431 PMC5919068 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total and basal expenditure, along with fat free mass, continued to increase with age throughout childhood and adolescence (Figure 1), but body size-adjusted expenditures steadily declined.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Juveniles (1 to 20 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adjusted total and basal expenditures were stable even during pregnancy, the elevation in unadjusted expenditures matching those expected from the gain in mothers’ fat free mass and fat mass (Figure 2C).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Adults (20 to 60 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Segmented regression analysis identified a breakpoint in adjusted total expenditure at 20.5 y (95% CI: 19.8, 21.2), after which it plateaued at adult levels (Figure 2).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Juveniles (1 to 20 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total and basal expenditure and fat free mass were all stable from age 20 to 60 (Figure 1, 2; Tables S1, S2; Text S1).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Adults (20 to 60 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adjusted total expenditure declined by −0.7 ± 0.1% per year, and adjusted basal expendiure fell at a similar rates (Figure 2, Figure S3, Text S1, Table S4).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At ~60 y, total and basal expenditure begin to decline, along with fat free mass and fat mass (Figures 1, S3, Table S1).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex had no effect on total expenditure in multivariate models with fat free mass and fat mass, nor in analyses of adjusted total expenditure (Tables S2, S4).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Adults (20 to 60 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, observed basal expenditure exceeded organ-based estimates by ~30% in early life (1 – 20 y) and was ~20% lower than organ-based estimates in subjects over 60 y (Figure S6)”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and thus organ-based basal expenditure, estimated from organ size and tissue-specific metabolic rate, follows a power-law relationship with fat free mass, roughly consistent with observed basal expenditures (Methods, Figure S6).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, neither fat mass nor percentage increased in this period (Figure S3)”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Notably, analyses indicated an exponent <1, meaning that the ratio of energy expenditure/mass does not adequately control for body size because the ratio inherently trends lower for larger individuals (Figure S1 (18)).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Allison DB, Paultre F, Goran MI, Poehlman ET, Heymsfield SB, Statistical considerations regarding the use of ratios to adjust data. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19, 644– 652 (1995). 8574275
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only when age-related changes in physical activity and tissue-specific metabolism are included does model output match observed expenditures, indicating that variation in both physical activity and tissue-specific metabolism contribute to total expenditure and its components across the lifespan.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Activity costs are proportional to body weight.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Basal expenditure can be modeled as a power function of fat-free mass multiplied by a tissue-specific metabolism term.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measures of humans here challenge this view, with size adjusted metabolism elevated ~50% in childhood compared to adults (including pregnant females), and ~25% lower in the oldest subjects.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Total and basal expenditure increase from childhood through puberty, but much of this increase is attributable to increased fat free mass, and the role of endocrine or other effects is uncertain (15).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Cheng HL, Amatoury M, Steinbeck K, Energy expenditure and intake during puberty in healthy nonobese adolescents: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 104, 1061– 1074 (2016). 27629054
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most large (n>1,000) analyses of human energy expenditure have been limited to basal expenditure, the metabolic rate at rest (1), which accounts for only a portion (usually ~50-70%) of total expenditure, or have estimated total expenditure from basal expenditure and daily physical activity (2–5).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Henry CJ, Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations. Public Health Nutr 8, 1133– 1152 (2005). 16277825 source
- Not checked yetcites [2] FAO, Human energy requirements: report of a joint FAO/ WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Food Nutr Bull 26, 166 (2005). 15810802
- Not checked yetcites [3] Westerterp KR, de Boer JO, Saris WHM, Schoffelen PFM, ten Hoor F, Measurement of energy expenditure using doubly labelled water. Int J Sport Med 5, S74– 75 (1984).
- Not checked yetcites [4] Klein PD Calorimetric validation of the doubly-labelled water method for determination of energy expenditure in man. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 38, 95– 106 (1984). 6423577
- Not checked yetcites [5] Speakman JR, Doubly Labelled Water: Theory and Practice. (Chapman and Hall, London, 1997).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The decline in total expenditure beginning in the sixth decade of life corresponds with a decline in fat free mass (9) and “physical activity level”, PAL (the ratio of total/basal expenditure), but may also reflect age-related reductions in organ metabolism.”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Speakman JR, Westerterp KR, Associations between energy demands, physical activity, and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 92, 826– 834 (2010). 20810973 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Metabolic models of life history commonly assume continuity in tissue-specific metabolism over the life course, with cellular metabolic rates increasing in a power-law manner (Energy = aMassb) and the energy available for growth during the juvenile period made available for reproduction in adults (29, 30).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ, A general model for ontogenetic growth. Nature 413, 628– 631 (2001). 11675785
- Not checked yetcites [30] Brown JH, Gillooly JF, Allen AP, Savage VM, West GB, Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85, 1771– 1789 (2004).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Activity costs are proportional to body weight.
“assuming activity costs are proportional to weight”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Basal expenditure can be modeled as a power function of fat-free mass multiplied by a tissue-specific metabolism term.
“basal expenditure was modeled as a power function of fat free mass (consistent with organ-based BEE estimates; Methods) multiplied by a “tissue specific metabolism” term”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“RMR is comparatively lower in older adults,20,21”
From 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: A third update of the energy costs of human activities (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These patterns are consistent with the existing literature, which indicates that body composition, particularly FFM, has a strong influcence on energy metabolism (Cano et al., 2022; Pontzer et al., 2021).”
From Acute systemic and energy metabolism responses to velocity-based resistance training following an oral glucose load in individuals with excess body weight (2026) · cites this paper as Pontzer et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Neonates (0 to 1 y):
“adjusted basal expenditure of 78.1 ± 15.0% (n = 34; Figure 2).”
§ Daily Energy Expenditure through the Human Life Course > Older adults (>60 y):
“consistent with adjusted expenditures of neonates (both ~100%; Figure 2) in the first weeks after birth.”
Citations
Cites
TOWARD A METABOLIC THEORY OF ECOLOGY
Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M., & West, G. B. (2004) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-9000 · Cited by 7,779
New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism
Weir, J. B. D. V. (1949) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004363 · Cited by 5,688
segmented: An R package to Fit Regression Models with Broken-Line Relationships
Muggeo, V. M. R. (2008) · Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) · Cited by 1,899
Sleep Duration From Infancy to Adolescence: Reference Values and Generational Trends
Iglowstein, I., Jenni, O. G., Molinari, L., & Largo, R. H. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.111.2.302 · Cited by 1,318
Doherty, A., Jackson, D., Hammerla, N., Plötz, T., Olivier, P., Granat, M. H., White, T., van Hees, V. T., Trenell, M. I., Owen, C. G., et al. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169649 · Cited by 1,250
Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations
Henry, C. (2005) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005801 · Cited by 1,033
A general model for ontogenetic growth
West, G. B., Brown, J. H., & Enquist, B. J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35098076 · Cited by 999
Fao, J. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 947
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 705
Metabolic costs and evolutionary implications of human brain development
Kuzawa, C. W., Chugani, H. T., Grossman, L. I., Lipovich, L., Muzik, O., Hof, P. R., Wildman, D. E., Sherwood, C. C., Leonard, W. R., & Lange, N. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1323099111 · Cited by 585 · cited 2×
“Elevated expenditures in 262 early life may be related to growth or development (18,22), and the decline in later life may 263 reflect cellular senescence or reduced cellularity of metabolically active tissues (23,24,28).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- M. Elia in Physiology Stress and Malnutrition J. M. Kinney H. N. Tucker Eds. (Raven Press 1997) pp. 383–411.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: A third update of the energy costs of human activities
Herrmann, S. D., Willis, E. A., Ainsworth, B. E., Barreira, T. V., Hastert, M., Kracht, C. L., Schuna, J. M., Cai, Z., Quan, M., Tudor-Locke, C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.10.010 · Cited by 576
Metabolic changes in aging humans: current evidence and therapeutic strategies
Palmer, A. K., & Jensen, M. D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci158451 · Cited by 383
The multiple roles of life stress in metabolic disorders
Mika Kivimaki, B., Bartolomucci, A., & Kawachi, I. I. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00746-8 · Cited by 357
GDF15 promotes weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure in muscle
Wang, D., Townsend, L. K., DesOrmeaux, G. J., Frangos, S. M., Batchuluun, B., Dumont, L., Kuhre, R. E., Ahmadi, E., Hu, S., Rebalka, I. A., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06249-4 · Cited by 272
Self-citationMenopause: a cardiometabolic transition
Nappi, R. E., Chedraui, P., Lambrinoudaki, I. V., & Simoncini, T. (2022) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00076-6 · Cited by 283
Metadata
- Authors
- Pontzer, H., Yamada, Y., Sagayama, H., Ainslie, P. N., Andersen, L. F., Anderson, L. J., Arab, L., Baddou, I., Bedu-Addo, K., Blaak, E. E., Blanc, S., Bonomi, A. G., Bouten, C. V. C., Bovet, P., Buchowski, M. S., Butte, N. F., Camps, S. G., Close, G. L., Cooper, J. A., Cooper, R., Das, S. K., Dugas, L. R., Ekelund, U., Entringer, S., Forrester, T., Fudge, B. W., Goris, A. H., Gurven, M., Hambly, C., El Hamdouchi, A., Hoos, M. B., Hu, S., Joonas, N., Joosen, A. M., Katzmarzyk, P., Kempen, K. P., Kimura, M., Kraus, W. E., Kushner, R. F., Lambert, E. V., Leonard, W. R., Lessan, N., Martin, C., Medin, A. C., Meijer, E. P., Morehen, J. C., Morton, J. P., Neuhouser, M. L., Nicklas, T. A., Ojiambo, R. M., Pietiläinen, K. H., Pitsiladis, Y. P., Plange-Rhule, J., Plasqui, G., Prentice, R. L., Rabinovich, R. A., Racette, S. B., Raichlen, D. A., Ravussin, E., Reynolds, R. M., Roberts, S. B., Schuit, A. J., Sjödin, A. M., Stice, E., Urlacher, S. S., Valenti, G., Van Etten, L. M., Van Mil, E. A., Wells, J. C. K., Wilson, G., Wood, B. M., Yanovski, J., Yoshida, T., Zhang, X., Murphy-Alford, A. J., Loechl, C., Luke, A. H., Rood, J., Schoeller, D. A., Westerterp, K. R., Wong, W. W., Speakman, J. R., & IAEA DLW Database Consortium§
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition (JP)
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN–Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco.
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (GH)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Philips (Netherlands) (NL)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NO)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of the West Indies System (JM)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Candos, Mauritius.
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Kyoto University of Advanced Science (JP)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Imperial College London Diabetes Centre (AE)
- The Football Association (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- Moi University (KE)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- University of Brighton (GB)
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute (GB)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
- Tilburg University (NL)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Stanford University (US)
- Baylor University (US)
- Maastricht University, Maastricht and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Hertogenbosch, Netherlands.
- University College London (GB)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
- International Atomic Energy Agency (AT)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Pontzer, Herman
- Yamada, Yosuke
- Sagayama, Hiroyuki
- Luke, Amy H.
- Rood, Jennifer
- Schoeller, Dale A.
- Westerterp, Klaas R.
- Wong, William W.
- Speakman, John R.
- ORCID
- Pontzer, Herman
- Yamada, Yosuke
- Sagayama, Hiroyuki
- Ainslie, Philip N.
- Andersen, Lene F.
- Anderson, Liam J.
- Arab, Lenore
- Baddou, Issaad
- Bedu-Addo, Kweku
- Blaak, Ellen E.
- Bonomi, Alberto G.
- Bouten, Carlijn V. C.
- Bovet, Pascal
- Buchowski, Maciej S.
- Butte, Nancy F.
- Camps, Stefan G.
- Close, Graeme L.
- Cooper, Jamie A.
- Cooper, Richard
- Das, Sai Krupa
- Dugas, Lara R.
- Ekelund, Ulf
- Entringer, Sonja
- Fudge, Barry W.
- Goris, Annelies H
- Gurven, Michael
- Hambly, Catherine
- El Hamdouchi, Asmaa
- Hu, Sumei
- Joonas, Noorjehan
- Joosen, Annemiek M.
- Katzmarzyk, Peter
- Kempen, Kitty P.
- Kimura, Misaka
- Kraus, William E.
- Lambert, Estelle V.
- Leonard, William R.
- Lessan, Nader
- Martin, Corby
- Medin, Anine C.
- Meijer, Erwin P.
- Morehen, James C.
- Morton, James P.
- Neuhouser, Marian L.
- Nicklas, Teresa A.
- Ojiambo, Robert M.
- Pietiläinen, Kirsi H.
- Pitsiladis, Yannis P.
- Plasqui, Guy
- Prentice, Ross L.
- Rabinovich, Roberto A.
- Racette, Susan B.
- Raichlen, David A.
- Ravussin, Eric
- Reynolds, Rebecca M.
- Roberts, Susan B.
- Schuit, Albertine J.
- Sjödin, Anders M.
- Stice, Eric
- Urlacher, Samuel S.
- Valenti, Giulio
- Van Etten, Ludo M.
- Van Mil, Edgar A.
- Wells, Jonathan C. K.
- Wilson, George
- Wood, Brian M.
- Yanovski, Jack
- Yoshida, Tsukasa
- Zhang, Xueying
- Murphy-Alford, Alexia J.
- Loechl, Cornelia
- Luke, Amy H.
- Rood, Jennifer
- Schoeller, Dale A.
- Westerterp, Klaas R.
- Wong, William W.
- Speakman, John R.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2021-08-13
- Volume
- 373
- Issue
- 6556
- Pages
- 808-812
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC8370708
- OpenAlex
- W3183815414
- Semantic Scholar
- 6889198aa40368bd8936c1be20646184274e797a
- Cited by
- 583
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 20
- FWCI
- 56.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-1824466)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- daily energy expenditure, life course, fat-free mass, power-law scaling, neonates, pregnancy, aging, human development, doubly labeled water, energy demand
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Basal Metabolism, Body Composition, Body Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Exercise, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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