Associations between energy demands, physical activity, and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 y of age
Open accessAbstract
Background Associations between body composition and the energy expended on basal metabolism and activity are complex and age dependent.Objective The objective was to examine associations between body composition and daily (DEE), basal (BEE), and activity energy expenditure (AEE) throughout the adult life span.Design A cross-sectional study was conducted in 529 adults aged 18-96 y. DEE was measured by using doubly labeled water, BEE by using respirometry, and body composition by isotope dilution. AEE was calculated as DEE - BEE, and physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as DEE/BEE.Results Up to age 52 y, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were positively associated with age in men, but no significant effect was observed in women. No effects of age on DEE and AEE were observed. The average DEE in men (14.1 MJ/d) was 27% greater than that in women (10.7 MJ/d). PAL averaged 1.84 in men and 1.75 in women. Above and including the age of 52 y, FFM, FM, DEE, BEE, and AEE were all negatively associated with greater age. The effect of age on AEE was greater than on BEE; consequently, PAL by the age of 95 y was only 1.36. PAL and AEE were both unrelated to FFM (both age adjusted).Conclusions PAL and AEE were not associated with age in subjects aged <52 y. AEE, BEE, and PAL were all negatively associated with age in subjects aged ≥52 y. An absence of a relation between age-adjusted PAL and FFM suggested that greater physical activity was not associated with higher FFM in the elderly.
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One of the few other studies to examine changes in activity profiles over the lifespan in the Netherlands observed age-declines only after age 52.
“One of the few other studies to examine changes in activity profiles over the lifespan in the Netherlands observed age-declines only after age 52 [54].”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [54]
Body fat percentage has been shown to be unrelated to PAL and energy expenditure in Western populations as well.
“Body fat percentage has been shown to be unrelated to PAL and energy expenditure in Western populations as well [11], [54].”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [54]
The fall in total energy expenditure beginning in the sixth decade tracks declines in fat-free mass and physical activity level, but may also reflect age-related reductions in organ metabolism.
“The decline in total expenditure beginning in the sixth decade of life corresponds with a decline in fat free mass (9) and “physical activity level”, PAL (the ratio of total/basal expenditure), but may also reflect age-related reductions in organ metabolism.”
From Daily energy expenditure through the human life course (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Doubly labeled water studies before this one were limited in sample size (n<600), geographic and socioeconomic coverage, and/or age range.
“but doubly labeled water studies to date have been limited in sample size (n < 600), geographic and socioeconomic representation, and/or age (6–9).”
From Daily energy expenditure through the human life course (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Speakman, J. R., & Westerterp, K. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 826-834
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114425240
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- body composition, energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate, physical activity level, physical activity energy expenditure, fat-free mass, fat mass, aging, sex differences, older adults, lifespan
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Regression Analysis, Sex Characteristics, Exercise, Young Adult
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