Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil
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Abstract
Unmitigated spread in Brazil: Despite an extensive network of primary care availability, Brazil has suffered profoundly during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Using daily data from state health offices, Castro et al. analyzed the pattern of spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the country from February to October 2020. Clusters of deaths before cases became apparent indicated unmitigated spread. SARS-CoV-2 circulated undetected in Brazil for more than a month as it spread north from Sã o Paulo. In Manaus, transmission reached unprecedented levels after a momentary respite in mid-2020. Faria et al. tracked the evolution of a new, more aggressive lineage called P.1, which has 17 mutations, including three (K417T, E484K, and N501Y) in the spike protein. After a period of accelerated evolution, this variant emerged in Brazil during November 2020. Coupled with the emergence of P.1, disease spread was accelerated by stark local inequalities and political upheaval, which compromised a prompt federal response. Science , abh1558 and abh2644, this issue p. 821 and p. 815
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Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta) emerged in the past several months.
“The past several months have witnessed the emergence of four SArS-cov-2 variants of concern (Alpha, beta, Gamma and Delta)”
From The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
The Gamma variant contains the RBD mutations N501Y, E484K and K417T.
“The Gamma variant contains the RBD mutations N501Y, E484K and K417T (ref. 19 ).”
From The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
As the Gamma variant was associated with a surge of infections in a region of Brazil estimated to have achieved a high infection rate, it is suspected of being able to infect and cause illness in persons previously infected with other variants.
“As the Gamma variant was associated with a surge of infections in a region of Brazil estimated to have achieved a high infection rate, it is suspected of being able to infect and cause illness in persons previously infected with other variants 19,29,30 .”
From The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
The Gamma variant was estimated to result in virus levels 3-4 times higher than earlier variants and to be responsible for an estimated 1.1-fold to 1.8-fold higher mortality.
“It was estimated to result in virus levels 3-4 times higher than earlier variants and to be responsible for an estimated 1.1-fold to 1.8-fold higher mortality 19 .”
From The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
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Local Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.1.7, Brazil, December 2020
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Rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in some French regions, June 2021
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COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, was driven by the persistence of endemic lineages and P.1 emergence
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Long-term complications of COVID-19
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Low-dose mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine generates durable memory enhanced by cross-reactive T cells
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“…to immune memory of persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 is of value, as studies have indicated natural immunity is 93% to 100% protective against symptomatic reinfection for 7–8 months (16–19), though natural immunity protection against certain variants of concern (VOCs) is likely to be lower (20).”
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Self-citationGenomic characterization and Epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India
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Self-citationSARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern
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InfluentialSelf-citationGlobal disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance
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InfluentialModel-based estimation of transmissibility and reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant
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“1 are more transmissible than ancestral SARS-CoV-2 lineages; [10,13] for B.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Faria, N. R., Mellan, T. A., Whittaker, C., Claro, I. M., Candido, D. D. S., Mishra, S., Crispim, M. A. E., Sales, F. C. S., Hawryluk, I., McCrone, J. T., Hulswit, R. J. G., Franco, L. A. M., Ramundo, M. S., de Jesus, J. G., Andrade, P. S., Coletti, T. M., Ferreira, G. M., Silva, C. A. M., Manuli, E. R., Pereira, R. H. M., Peixoto, P. S., Kraemer, M. U. G., Gaburo, N., Camilo, C. D. C., Hoeltgebaum, H., Souza, W. M., Rocha, E. C., de Souza, L. M., de Pinho, M. C., Araujo, L. J. T., Malta, F. S. V., de Lima, A. B., Silva, J. D. P., Zauli, D. A. G., Ferreira, A. C. D. S., Schnekenberg, R. P., Laydon, D. J., Walker, P. G. T., Schlüter, H. M., dos Santos, A. L. P., Vidal, M. S., Del Caro, V. S., Filho, R. M. F., dos Santos, H. M., Aguiar, R. S., Proença-Modena, J. L., Nelson, B., Hay, J. A., Monod, M., Miscouridou, X., Coupland, H., Sonabend, R., Vollmer, M., Gandy, A., Prete, C. A., Nascimento, V. H., Suchard, M. A., Bowden, T. A., Pond, S. L. K., Wu, C.-H., Ratmann, O., Ferguson, N. M., Dye, C., Loman, N. J., Lemey, P., Rambaut, A., Fraiji, N. A., Carvalho, M. D. P. S. S., Pybus, O. G., Flaxman, S., Bhatt, S., & Sabino, E. C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (BR)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (BR)
- Institute of Applied Economic Research (BR)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- DB Diagnósticos do Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Quantitative Pathology, Center of Pathology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Instituto Hermes Pardini, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- CDL Laboratório Santos e Vidal, Manaus, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (BR)
- Harvard University (US)
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Temple University (US)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Rega Institute for Medical Research (BE)
- Royal Veterinary College (GB)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Faria, Nuno R.
- Mellan, Thomas A.
- Whittaker, Charles
- Claro, Ingra M.
- Mishra, Swapnil
- Pybus, Oliver G.
- Flaxman, Seth
- Bhatt, Samir
- ORCID
- Faria, Nuno R.
- Mellan, Thomas A.
- Whittaker, Charles
- Claro, Ingra M.
- Candido, Darlan da S.
- Mishra, Swapnil
- Crispim, Myuki A. E.
- Sales, Flavia C. S.
- Hawryluk, Iwona
- McCrone, John T.
- Hulswit, Ruben J. G.
- Franco, Lucas A. M.
- Ramundo, Mariana S.
- de Jesus, Jaqueline G.
- Andrade, Pamela S.
- Coletti, Thais M.
- Ferreira, Giulia M.
- Silva, Camila A. M.
- Manuli, Erika R.
- Pereira, Rafael H. M.
- Peixoto, Pedro S.
- Kraemer, Moritz U. G.
- Gaburo, Nelson
- Camilo, Cecilia da C.
- Hoeltgebaum, Henrique
- Souza, William M.
- Rocha, Esmenia C.
- de Souza, Leandro M.
- de Pinho, Mariana C.
- Araujo, Leonardo J. T.
- Malta, Frederico S. V.
- de Lima, Aline B.
- Silva, Joice do P.
- Zauli, Danielle A. G.
- Ferreira, Alessandro C. de S.
- Schnekenberg, Ricardo P.
- Laydon, Daniel J.
- Walker, Patrick G. T.
- Schlüter, Hannah M.
- dos Santos, Ana L. P.
- Vidal, Maria S.
- Del Caro, Valentina S.
- Aguiar, Renato S.
- Proença-Modena, José L.
- Nelson, Bruce
- Hay, James A.
- Monod, Mélodie
- Coupland, Helen
- Sonabend, Raphael
- Vollmer, Michaela
- Gandy, Axel
- Prete, Carlos A.
- Nascimento, Vitor H.
- Suchard, Marc A.
- Bowden, Thomas A.
- Pond, Sergei L. K.
- Wu, Chieh-Hsi
- Ratmann, Oliver
- Ferguson, Neil M.
- Dye, Christopher
- Loman, Nick J.
- Lemey, Philippe
- Rambaut, Andrew
- Fraiji, Nelson A.
- Carvalho, Maria do P. S. S.
- Pybus, Oliver G.
- Flaxman, Seth
- Bhatt, Samir
- Sabino, Ester C.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2021-05-21
- Volume
- 372
- Issue
- 6544
- Pages
- 815-821
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC8139423
- OpenAlex
- W3156343712
- Cited by
- 1,461
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 227 · 2022: 492 · 2021: 502 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 105.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- TUScholarShare (Temple University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/S0195/1)
- National Institute for Health Research (203141/Z/16/Z, MR/S007555/1, ALTF 869-2019, OPP1175094, 2018/12579-7 CNP)
- Wellcome Trust and Royal Society (204311/Z/16/Z)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- P.1 lineage, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, variants of concern, spike protein mutations, E484K, N501Y, ACE2 binding, transmissibility, immune evasion, molecular clock, epidemic resurgence, Manaus, genomic surveillance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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