Glassfrogs conceal blood in their liver to maintain transparency
Open accessAbstract
Transparency in animals is a complex form of camouflage involving mechanisms that reduce light scattering and absorption throughout the organism. In vertebrates, attaining transparency is difficult because their circulatory system is full of red blood cells (RBCs) that strongly attenuate light. Here, we document how glassfrogs overcome this challenge by concealing these cells from view. Using photoacoustic imaging to track RBCs in vivo, we show that resting glassfrogs increase transparency two- to threefold by removing ~89% of their RBCs from circulation and packing them within their liver. Vertebrate transparency thus requires both see-through tissues and active mechanisms that “clear” respiratory pigments from these tissues. Furthermore, glassfrogs’ ability to regulate the location, density, and packing of RBCs without clotting offers insight in metabolic, hemodynamic, and blood-clot research.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Glassfrogs maintain transparency while sleeping by removing most red blood cells from circulation and packing them in their liver, then releasing them during activity. This active blood concealment increases light transmission two- to threefold and suggests mechanisms relevant to hemodynamics and clotting research.
Key findings
- Sleeping *Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni* transmitted 34 to 61% more light than awake, calling, exercised, or anesthetized states, while RBC signal in abdominal and thigh skin/muscle vasculature decreased on average by 89% during rest.
- RBCs were largely restricted to the liver during sleep: liver RBC signal declined on average by 83% after exercise and reaggregated after recovery, and liver volume increased on average by 40% while packed with RBCs.
- Oxygenated hemoglobin in circulation was on average 96.6% lower at rest than after exercise, with sO2 decreasing on average by 31% during sleep; only 3.4% of total hemoglobin was oxygen-bound in the transparent state.
- In three opaque tropical frog species, circulating RBCs decreased on average by 12% or less while resting, versus 89% in glassfrogs, and *Allophryne ruthveni* showed no significant liver volume change between activity levels.
Methods
- Calibrated color photography measured transparency repeatedly in 11 glassfrogs across sleeping, awake, calling, post-exercise, and anesthetized states; optical spectroscopy measured diffuse reflectance and transmittance in 13 individuals while sleeping and after induced exercise.
- Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) tracked RBCs in vivo without contrast agents: whole-body imaging in three sleeping and anesthetized frogs, high-resolution liver imaging in 12 individuals, and skin/muscle imaging in 13 glassfrogs; histology examined liver sinusoids.
- High-frequency ultrasound tomography repeatedly measured liver volume in 10 glassfrogs and 8 *Allophryne ruthveni*; high-resolution PAM also compared RBC perfusion across three opaque tropical frog species.
Limitations
- The paper states that transparency is easily lost in death, stress, anesthesia, and most euthanasia methods, requiring strict in vivo imaging; whole-body PAM required hours of scanning and could not capture exercise-level perfusion.
- Evident from the text: the main physiological experiments focus heavily on *H. fleischmanni*, with limited comparative sampling of other species, and the proposed metabolic and clotting implications are framed as likely or potential rather than directly demonstrated.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
4 of 26 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
While sleeping, glassfrogs transmitted on average 34 to 61% more light compared to all other conditions.
“While sleeping, glassfrogs transmitted on average 34 to 61% more light compared to all other conditions (post hoc comparisons P < 0.0001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Calibrated color photography measurements of light transmittance accurately reflect the frog's transparency and camouflage.
- Findingown data
Resting glassfrogs increase transparency two- to threefold.
“resting glassfrogs increase transparency two- to threefold”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“We found that blood storage increases transparency two- to threefold”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Calibrated color photography measurements of light transmittance accurately reflect the frog's transparency and camouflage.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
Spectral changes between states show a clear and strong hemoglobin signal primarily attributed to increased absorption by both oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin.
“we found a clear and strong hemoglobin signal that was primarily attributed to increased absorption by both oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Glassfrogs' entire body can be imaged with cellular resolution to capture natural hemodynamic processes without restraint or contrast agents.
“Their entire body can be imaged with cellular resolution to capture natural hemodynamic processes without restraint or contrast agents (movie S5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Just 3.4% of glassfrogs' total hemoglobin is bound with oxygen during the transparent state.
“Just 3.4% of their total hemoglobin is bound with oxygen during this transparent state”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Resting glassfrogs pack RBCs within their liver.
“packing them within their liver”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“RBCs are aggregated in this organ while frogs rest”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
The liver volume of glassfrogs increased on average by 40% while their livers were packed with RBCs during sleep.
“The liver volume of glassfrogs increased on average by 40% while their livers were packed with RBCs during sleep”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The liver volume increase reflects RBC packing.
- Findingown data
Increased RBC density very closely predicts the empirical reduction in transparency.
“Using a simplified optical model, we confirmed that increased RBC density very closely predicts the empirical reduction in transparency”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Opaque species' vasculature remained perfused with RBCs while resting at 25° to 27°C.
“their vasculature remained perfused with RBCs while resting at 25° to 27°C”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The three opaque frog species are valid nontransparent comparators for assessing whether high RBC storage is specific to glassfrogs.
- Findingown data
RBC signal in the liver was similar during rest and after recovery from exercise.
“RBC signal in the liver was similar during rest and after recovery from exercise (P = 0.67).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Glassfrogs use an alternative strategy to overcome the challenge of RBCs by hiding RBCs from view.
“Here, we document that glassfrogs use an alternative strategy to overcome this challenge, by essentially hiding RBCs from view.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin (sO2) decreased on average by 31% during sleep.
“the percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin (sO2) decreased on average by 31% during sleep”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
RBC signal within the vasculature of skin and muscle tissue of the abdomen and proximal thighs decreased on average by 89% while frogs rested.
“We found that RBC signal within the vasculature of these tissues decreased on average by 89% while frogs rested”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Glassfrogs pack RBCs in large, distensible sinusoids of the liver during rest.
“Our histological examination showed that glassfrogs also pack RBCs in these sinusoids during rest”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni actively maintains high levels of transparency while it sleeps during the day.
“We found that the glassfrog Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni actively maintains high levels of transparency while it sleeps during the day”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Resting glassfrogs remove approximately 89% of their RBCs from circulation.
“removing ~89% of their RBCs from circulation”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“RBC signal within the vasculature of these tissues decreased on average by 89% while frogs rested”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Calibrated color photography measurements of light transmittance accurately reflect the frog's transparency and camouflage.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
Glassfrogs transmitted similar levels of light while in all other nonsleeping states.
“whereas they transmitted similar levels of light while in all other nonsleeping states (P ≥ 0.22)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Calibrated color photography measurements of light transmittance accurately reflect the frog's transparency and camouflage.
- Findingown data
While resting, circulating RBCs decreased on average by or below 12% among opaque species versus 89% in glassfrogs.
“While resting, circulating RBCs decreased on average by or below 12% among the opaque species versus 89% in glassfrogs”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The three opaque frog species are valid nontransparent comparators for assessing whether high RBC storage is specific to glassfrogs.
- Findingown data
A reduction in circulating RBCs was responsible for the increase in transparency during sleep.
“Using optical spectroscopy, we confirmed that a reduction in circulating RBCs was responsible for the increase in transparency during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Frogs had on average 96.6% less oxygenated hemoglobin in circulation while at rest than after exercise.
“frogs had on average 96.6% less oxygenated hemoglobin in circulation while at rest than after exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The crystal layer attenuates photoacoustic signal to below a detection threshold during anesthesia and exercise.
“We confirmed that this crystal layer attenuates photoacoustic signal to below a detection threshold during anesthesia and exercise”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Glassfrogs are capable of packing and unpacking 82 to 93% of their RBCs in their liver on a daily basis without triggering vaso-occlusive or clotting (thrombotic) events.
“Notably, glassfrogs are capable of packing and unpacking 82 to 93% of their RBCs in their liver on a daily basis without triggering vaso-occlusive or clotting (thrombotic) events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The absence of observed thrombotic events in glassfrogs indicates they do not trigger clotting when packing RBCs.
- Findingown data
In glassfrogs, RBC perfusion-and hence transparency-is easily disrupted by activity, stress, anesthesia, and most forms of euthanasia.
“In glassfrogs, we found that RBC perfusion—and hence their transparency—is easily disrupted by activity, stress, anesthesia, and most forms of euthanasia”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The liver volume of Allophryne ruthveni did not change significantly between activity levels.
“whereas the liver volume of A. ruthveni did not change significantly between activity levels (post hoc comparisons P = 0.78, x¯=1.2% increase during rest”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Glassfrog muscles and ventral skin transmit more than 90 to 95% of visible light while maintaining functionality.
“We found that these tissues transmit more than 90 to 95% of visible light while maintaining functionality (e.g., locomotion, vocalization) (fig. S2, E to F).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Vertebrate transparency requires both see-through tissues and active mechanisms that clear respiratory pigments from these tissues.
“Vertebrate transparency thus requires both see-through tissues and active mechanisms that “clear” respiratory pigments from these tissues.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Circulating RBCs could compromise leaf camouflage because they strongly absorb light in regions transmitted and reflected by living vegetation (green light).
“However, circulating RBCs could compromise leaf camouflage, as they strongly absorb light in regions that are transmitted and reflected by living vegetation (i.e., green light)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Glassfrog transparency appears to build on a preexisting respiratory property of frog livers.
“Glassfrog transparency appears to build on a preexisting respiratory property of frog livers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Glassfrogs' ability to regulate the location, density, and packing of RBCs without clotting offers insight in metabolic, hemodynamic, and blood-clot research.
“Furthermore, glassfrogs’ ability to regulate the location, density, and packing of RBCs without clotting offers insight in metabolic, hemodynamic, and blood-clot research.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The absence of observed thrombotic events in glassfrogs indicates they do not trigger clotting when packing RBCs.
- Premisecitation
Pelophylax esculentus can store up to 44% of their RBCs while under a chemically induced coma at low temperatures (6°C) in well-oxygenated conditions.
“These frogs can store up to 44% of their RBCs while under a chemically induced coma at low temperatures (6°C) in well-oxygenated conditions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [21] Frangioni G, Borgioli G, J. Zool 230, 483– 493 (1993).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [22] Frangioni G, Borgioli G, J. Zool 234, 601– 611 (1994).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In vertebrates, attaining transparency is difficult because their circulatory system is full of hemoglobin-containing red blood cells (RBCs) that strongly absorb blue and green light.
“In vertebrates, attaining transparency is difficult because their circulatory system is full of red blood cells (RBCs) that strongly attenuate light.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“In vertebrates, achieving transparency is challenging because their circulatory system is full of hemoglobin-containing red blood cells (RBCs) that strongly absorb blue and green light (8–10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [8] Dickerson RE, Geis I, Hemoglobin: Structure, Function, Evolution, and Pathology (Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA, 1983).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [9] Hardison RC, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 93, 5675– 5679 (1996). 8650150 PMC39118
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [10] Hardison R, J. Exp. Biol 201, 1099– 1117 (1998). 9510523
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
In most vertebrates, local RBC aggregations cause thromboses.
“In most vertebrates, local RBC aggregations cause thromboses (27).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Yu FT, Armstrong JK, Tripette J, Meiselman HJ, Cloutier G, J. Thromb. Haemost 9, 481– 488 (2011). 21143377 PMC3050084
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Glassfrog transparency involves active processes that reduce the concentration of circulating RBCs in otherwise transparent tissues.
“These results show that glassfrog transparency involves active processes that reduce the concentration of circulating RBCs in otherwise transparent tissues.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Compared to fish models, frogs share the same genetic and physiological factors that regulate hemostasis as those in mammals.
“Compared to fish models, frogs share the same genetic and physiological factors that regulate hemostasis as those in mammals [e.g., upstream coagulation factor XII (29)].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Ponczek MB, Gailani D, Doolittle RF, J. Thromb. Haemost 6, 1876– 1883 (2008). 18761718 PMC2666913
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Glassfrogs likely offer insight into mechanisms involved in preventing vascular pathologies.
“Second, glassfrogs likely offer insight into the mechanisms involved in preventing vascular pathologies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The absence of observed thrombotic events in glassfrogs indicates they do not trigger clotting when packing RBCs.
- Interpretationown data
Sleeping glassfrogs remove most RBCs from systemic circulation and conceal them within their mirrored liver during periods when transparency is important for camouflage.
“Altogether, our results indicate that sleeping glassfrogs remove most RBCs from systemic circulation and conceal them within their mirrored liver during periods when transparency is important for camouflage”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Glassfrog transparency is adaptive because it camouflages glassfrogs from predators while they sleep on vegetation during the day.
“This transparency is adaptive because it camouflages glassfrogs from predators while they sleep on vegetation during the day (17)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Barnett JB, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 117, 12885– 12890 (2020). 32457164 PMC7293656
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
A vertebrate can actively regulate the location and density of its RBCs in ways that improve transparency.
“First, we discovered that a vertebrate can actively regulate the location and density of its RBCs in ways that improve transparency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In Pelophylax esculentus, the liver regulates respiration by storing excess RBCs in sinusoids and releasing them back into circulation as metabolic demand increases.
“In the European frog Pelophylax “Rana” esculentus, the liver regulates respiration by storing excess RBCs in sinusoids and releasing them back into circulation as metabolic demand increases (21, 22).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [21] Frangioni G, Borgioli G, J. Zool 230, 483– 493 (1993).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [22] Frangioni G, Borgioli G, J. Zool 234, 601– 611 (1994).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- May combine two claims. 14
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 4
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTransparent tetrapod models are basically unpigmented mutants that are not transparent.
“Furthermore, transparent tetrapod models are basically unpigmented mutants that are not transparent [e.g., (30–32)].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [30] Nakajima K, Shimamura M, Furuno N, Dev. Dyn 250, 1420– 1431 (2021). 33760303 source
The Results and Discussion describe this paper’s slc2a7-knockout frog as lacking yellow pigment; they present a see-through frog as a future goal, supporting this mutant as an example of a pigmentation mutant that is not yet transparent. But the Introduction also describes genuinely transparent frogs and virtually transparent mutant embryos, so the paper does not support the categorical claim that transparent tetrapod models are not transparent. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [31] Sumida M, Sci. Rep 6, 24431 (2016). 27080918 PMC4832234 source
The paper supports the color-mutant aspect, but contradicts the claim that the resulting tetrapod model is not transparent. The Results (‘Creation of see-through frogs’) report translucent skin and visible internal organs; the Discussion qualifies this by saying the frogs appear pale dorsally but are almost transparent ventrally, not completely see-through. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [32] Castroviejo-Fisher S, De la Riva I, Vila C, Nature 449, 972 (2007). 17960213 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationTransparency in animals is a complex form of camouflage involving mechanisms that reduce light scattering and absorption throughout the organism.
“Transparency in animals is a complex form of camouflage involving mechanisms that reduce light scattering and absorption throughout the organism.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“In contrast to other forms of camouflage, transparency requires complex specializations that minimize light scattering and absorption throughout the entire animal (2–4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [1] Johnsen S, Biol. Bull 201, 301– 318 (2001). 11751243 source
- cites [2] Johnsen S, Widder EA, J. Theor. Biol 199, 181– 198 (1999). 10395813 source
- cites [3] Zueva L, Microsc. Microanal 22, 379– 386 (2016). 26926795 PMC4940978 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says tissue is transparent when it neither absorbs nor scatters light and discusses how cellular structures affect scattering. But the paper concerns transparent eye cells, not transparency as camouflage or mechanisms operating throughout an animal’s body. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [4] Bagge LE, Kinsey ST, Gladman J, Johnsen S, J. Exp. Biol 220, 4225– 4233 (2017). 29141882 source
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationConcentrating RBCs in this fashion would presumably require biochemical factors and/or physical modifications that ultimately interact with clotting factors.
“Concentrating RBCs in this fashion would presumably require biochemical factors and/or physical modifications (e.g., structural changes of packed RBCs) that ultimately interact with clotting factors (28).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Cines DB, Blood 123, 1596– 1603 (2014). 24335500 PMC3945867 source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataWhile frogs were asleep, circulating RBCs decreased by 80 to 90% and RBC signal was largely restricted to the liver.
“While frogs were asleep, circulating RBCs decreased by 80 to 90% and RBC signal was largely restricted to the liver”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataRBCs are aggregated in the liver while frogs rest, flow out of the liver and back into the vasculature during exercise, and reaggregate in the liver after recovery.
“we repeatedly imaged the liver of 12 individuals and found that RBCs are aggregated in this organ while frogs rest, flow out of the liver and back into the vasculature during exercise, and then reaggregate in the liver after recovery”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWithin seconds after exercise, leaf-like dorsal reflectance changed markedly and light transmittance dropped two- to threefold across the visible spectrum.
“Within seconds after exercise, their leaf-like dorsal reflectance changed markedly and light transmittance dropped two- to threefold across the visible portion of the spectrum”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSleeping frogs circulate plasma with sparse RBCs, and RBC concentration increased sharply as they awoke.
“we observed that sleeping frogs circulate plasma with sparse RBCs, and that RBC concentration increased sharply as they awoke”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataRBC signal in the liver declined on average by 83% after exercise and then increased by similar levels after recovery.
“RBC signal in the liver declined on average by 83% alter exercise and then again increased by similar levels after recovery”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationH. fleischmanni heart, liver, and digestive organs are within mirrored sacs that contain reflective guanine crystals and attenuate over 80% of incident visible light.
“H. fleischmanni heart, liver, and digestive organs are within mirrored sacs that contain reflective guanine crystals and attenuate over 80% of the incident visible light”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Cisneros-Heredia DF, Mcdiarmid RW, Zootaxa 1572, 1– 82 (2007).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataA clear and strong hemoglobin signal was evident in attenuation spectra for exercised frogs (Q-band 500 to 600 nm), whereas the hemoglobin signal was barely detectable while they were sleeping.
“A clear and strong hemoglobin signal was evident in attenuation spectra for exercised frogs (hemoglobin Q-band 500 to 600 nm), whereas the hemoglobin signal was barely detectable while they were sleeping”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataGlassfrogs store 82 to 93% of their RBCs while sleeping at temperatures at least as high as 25° to 27°C, and then mobilize them nightly during activity.
“Notably, glassfrogs store 82 to 93% of their RBCs while sleeping at temperatures at least as high as 25° to 27°C, and then mobilize them nightly during activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The temperature range 25° to 27°C is representative of glassfrog active and sleep conditions.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIncreases in light transmittance closely corresponded with a decrease in relative RBC signal over time; frogs recovered baseline transparency within ~60 min after exercise.
“Increases in light transmittance closely corresponded with a decrease in relative RBC signal over time—frogs recovered baseline levels of transparency within ~60 min after exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataGlassfrogs likely exhibit depressed metabolic activity or nonoxidative metabolic processes.
“indicating that glassfrogs likely exhibit depressed metabolic activity or nonoxidative metabolic processes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [21] Frangioni G, Borgioli G, J. Zool 230, 483– 493 (1993).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [22] Frangioni G, Borgioli G, J. Zool 234, 601– 611 (1994).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23] Storey KB, Storey JM, Q. Rev. Biol 65, 145– 174 (1990). 2201054 source
- cites [24] Park TJ, Science 356, 307– 311 (2017). 28428423 source
- cites [25] Bickler PE, Buck LT, Annu. Rev. Physiol 69, 145– 170 (2007). 17037980 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone givenMeasuring the cardiovascular physiology of vertebrates in vivo is challenging and has been largely limited to anesthetized, restrained, and/or surgically altered animals.
“Measuring the cardiovascular physiology of vertebrates in vivo is challenging and has been largely limited to anesthetized, restrained, and/or surgically altered animals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningGlassfrogs may be particularly useful for blood-clot research.
“Glassfrogs may be particularly useful for blood-clot research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningTransparency camouflage in complex animals requires physiological specializations that can remove respiratory pigments from transparent tissue, as well as those that compensate for the resulting respiratory constraint.
“Taken together, transparency camouflage in complex animals requires physiological specializations that can remove respiratory pigments from transparent tissue, as well as those that compensate for the resulting respiratory constraint.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBy 18°C, Pelophylax esculentus liver no longer stores RBCs; all are in circulation, owing to temperature effects on cell respiration.
“However, by 18°C their liver no longer stores RBCs; all are in circulation, owing to temperature effects on cell respiration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [21] Frangioni G, Borgioli G, J. Zool 230, 483– 493 (1993).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [22] Frangioni G, Borgioli G, J. Zool 234, 601– 611 (1994).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningGlassfrogs may provide a solution to challenges in in vivo physiology research and offer insight into biological mechanisms of vertebrate transparency.
“Glassfrogs may provide a solution to these challenges and offer insight into biological mechanisms of vertebrate transparency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The three opaque frog species are valid nontransparent comparators for assessing whether high RBC storage is specific to glassfrogs.
“We compared RBC perfusion between states for three species from three tropical families of opaque, arboreal frogs using high-resolution PAM”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absence of observed thrombotic events in glassfrogs indicates they do not trigger clotting when packing RBCs.
“without triggering vaso-occlusive or clotting (thrombotic) events”
The paper relies on this without support.
Calibrated color photography measurements of light transmittance accurately reflect the frog's transparency and camouflage.
“We used calibrated color photography to measure transparency of 11 frogs repeatedly”
The paper relies on this without support.
The liver volume increase reflects RBC packing.
“To quantify changes in liver size associated with RBC packing”
The paper relies on this without support.
The temperature range 25° to 27°C is representative of glassfrog active and sleep conditions.
“while sleeping at temperatures at least as high as 25° to 27°C”
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Long-range actin-driven endosymbiont mobility in an animal-algal symbiosis
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- Authors
- Taboada, C., Delia, J., Chen, M., Ma, C., Peng, X., Zhu, X., Jiang, L., Vu, T., Zhou, Q., Yao, J., O’Connell, L., & Johnsen, S.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- American Museum of Natural History (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Taboada, Carlos
- Delia, Jesse
- Chen, Maomao
- Yao, Junjie
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2022-12-23
- Volume
- 378
- Issue
- 6626
- Pages
- 1315-1320
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC9984244
- OpenAlex
- W4312190854
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1rf1ns115581-01)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1 NS115581, R01NS111039)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB028143)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
- Keywords
- glassfrogs, transparency, camouflage, erythrocytes, liver, blood storage, light scattering, photoacoustic imaging, hematology, coagulation, hemodynamics, respiratory pigments
- MeSH terms
- Biological Mimicry, Animals, Anura, Blood Coagulation, Erythrocyte Count, Erythrocytes, Hemodynamics, Liver, Optical Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-02.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-02.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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