Comparison of Sterol Import under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions in Three Fungal Species, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Zavrel, Martin; Hoot, Sam J.; White, Theodore C.

doi:10.1128/ec.00345-12

Cited by 86Fungal and yeast genetics researchAntifungal resistance and susceptibilityFungal Infections and Studies

Comparison of Sterol Import under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions in Three Fungal Species, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Zavrel, Martin, Hoot, Sam J., White, Theodore C.·2013·Eukaryotic Cell

DOI 10.1128/ec.00345-12PMC PMC3647772

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Abstract

Sterol import has been characterized under various conditions in three distinct fungal species, the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two human fungal pathogens Candida glabrata and Candida albicans , employing cholesterol, the sterol of higher eukaryotes, as well as its fungal equivalent, ergosterol. Import was confirmed by the detection of esterified cholesterol within the cells. Comparing the three fungal species, we observe sterol import under three different conditions. First, as previously well characterized, we observe sterol import under low oxygen levels in S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata , which is dependent on the transcription factor Upc2 and/or its orthologs or paralogs. Second, we observe sterol import under aerobic conditions exclusively in the two pathogenic fungi C. glabrata and C. albicans . Uptake emerges during post-exponential-growth phases, is independent of the characterized Upc2-pathway and is slower compared to the anaerobic uptake in S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata . Third, we observe under normoxic conditions in C. glabrata that Upc2-dependent sterol import can be induced in the presence of fetal bovine serum together with fluconazole. In summary, C. glabrata imports sterols both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the limited aerobic uptake can be further stimulated by the presence of serum together with fluconazole. S. cerevisiae imports sterols only in anaerobic conditions, demonstrating aerobic sterol exclusion. Finally, C. albicans imports sterols exclusively aerobically in post-exponential-growth phases, independent of Upc2. For the first time, we provide direct evidence of sterol import into the human fungal pathogen C. albicans , which until now was believed to be incapable of active sterol import.

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C. albicans takes up sterols only under aerobic conditions during the post-exponential growth phase, a process independent of UPC2.
“Zavrel et al. found that C. albicans takes up sterols only under aerobic conditions during the post-exponentialgrowth phase, a process independent of UPC2 .”
From The synthesis, regulation, and functions of sterols inCandida albicans: Well-known but still lots to learn (2016) · cites this paper as [21]

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Authors: Zavrel, M., Hoot, S. J., & White, T. C.
Affiliations: University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Biological Sciences, Cell Biology and Biophysics, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
Center for Infectious Disease Research (US)
University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
ORCID: White, Theodore C.
Venue: Eukaryotic Cell
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2013-05
Volume: 12
Issue: 5
Pages: 725-738
ISSN: 1535-9778 (ISSN-L)
1535-9786
DOI: 10.1128/ec.00345-12
PMC: PMC3647772
OpenAlex: W2110966198
Cited by: 86
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7
FWCI: 2.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Eukaryotic Cell (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Missouri-Kansas City
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE011367, R01DE017078, R01 DE-11367, R01 DE 14161, R01DE014161)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
Keywords: cholesterol absorption, ergosterol, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fluconazole, fetal bovine serum, esterified cholesterol
MeSH terms: Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Antifungal Agents, Candida albicans, Cholesterol, Culture Media, Ergosterol, Esterification, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fluconazole, Candida glabrata, Gene Knockout Techniques

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Comparison of Sterol Import under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions in Three Fungal Species, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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