Regulation of MDMX Expression by Mitogenic Signaling
Open accessAbstract
MDMX is an important regulator of p53 transcriptional activity and stress response. MDMX overexpression and gene amplification are implicated in p53 inactivation and tumor development. Unlike MDM2, MDMX is not inducible by p53, and little is known about its regulation at the transcriptional level. We found that MDMX levels in tumor cell lines closely correlate with promoter activity and mRNA level. Activated K-Ras and insulin-like growth factor 1 induce MDMX expression at the transcriptional level through mechanisms that involve the mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Ets-1 transcription factors. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK results in down-regulation of MDMX in tumor cell lines. MDMX overexpression was detected in approximately 50% of human colon tumors and showed strong correlation with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Therefore, MDMX expression is regulated by mitogenic signaling pathways. This mechanism may protect normal proliferating cells from p53 but also hamper p53 response during tumor development.
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Amplification of MDM genes or altered expression of MDM proteins is a feature of many tumours.
“Amplification of MDM genes or altered expression of MDM proteins is a feature of many tumours3–10 (Table 1).”
From MDM2, MDMX and p53 in oncogenesis and cancer therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
MDM2 and MDMX are deregulated in many human cancers and act oncogenically mainly by inhibiting p53.
“The MDM2 and MDMX (also known as HDMX and MDM4) proteins are deregulated in many human cancers and exert their oncogenic activity predominantly by inhibiting the p53 tumour suppressor.”
From MDM2, MDMX and p53 in oncogenesis and cancer therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
Many tumours exhibit high MDM2 and MDMX protein levels without increased copy number, including melanoma, Ewing's sarcoma, colon carcinoma and retinoblastoma.
“However, many tumours exhibit high MDM2 and MDMX protein levels without increased copy number. These include melanoma10, Ewing's sarcoma22, colon carcinoma9 and retinoblastoma12,23.”
From MDM2, MDMX and p53 in oncogenesis and cancer therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
RAS signalling converges on activation of ETS transcription factors, and overexpression of RAS leads to ETS-dependent upregulation of both MDM2 and MDMX expression.
“The RAS signalling pathway converges on the activation of ETS transcription factors, and overexpression of RAS leads to ETS-dependent upregulation of both MDM2 and MDMX expression9,25.”
From MDM2, MDMX and p53 in oncogenesis and cancer therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Gilkes, D. M., Pan, Y., Coppola, D., Yeatman, T., Reuther, G. W., & Chen, J.
- Affiliations
- Moffitt Cancer Center (US)
- Molecular Oncology Program
- Division of Anatomic Pathology
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-03-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1999-2010
- ISSN
- 0270-7306 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5549
- PMC
- PMC2268405
- OpenAlex
- W2003899599
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of South Florida
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA112215)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- MDMX, p53, mitogenic signaling, transcriptional regulation, KRAS, insulin-like growth factor I, mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-ets-1, MEK inhibition, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, colon cancer, p53 inactivation, carcinogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Binding Sites, Cycloheximide, Female, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Mitosis, Neoplasm Proteins, Nuclear Proteins, Phosphorylation, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Genes, ras, Recombinant Proteins, RNA, Messenger, RNA, Neoplasm, Transcription Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Cell Cycle Proteins, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Cell Line, Tumor, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1, ets-Domain Protein Elk-1
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