Amplification of Mdmx (or Mdm4 ) Directly Contributes to Tumor Formation by Inhibiting p53 Tumor Suppressor Activity
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Human tumors are believed to harbor a disabled p53 tumor suppressor pathway, either through direct mutation of the p53 gene or through aberrant expression of proteins acting in the p53 pathway, such as p14(ARF) or Mdm2. A role for Mdmx (or Mdm4) as a key negative regulator of p53 function in vivo has been established. However, a direct contribution of Mdmx to tumor formation remains to be demonstrated. Here we show that retrovirus-mediated Mdmx overexpression allows primary mouse embryonic fibroblast immortalization and leads to neoplastic transformation in combination with HRas(V12). Furthermore, the human Mdmx ortholog, Hdmx, was found to be overexpressed in a significant percentage of various human tumors and amplified in 5% of primary breast tumors, all of which retained wild-type p53. Hdmx was also amplified and highly expressed in MCF-7, a breast cancer cell line harboring wild-type p53, and interfering RNA-mediated reduction of Hdmx markedly inhibited the growth potential of these cells in a p53-dependent manner. Together, these results make Hdmx a new putative drug target for cancer therapy.
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Mdmx is overexpressed in many human malignancies and, together with Mdm2, negatively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor.
“The oncogene Mdmx is overexpressed in many human malignancies, and together with Mdm2, negatively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor.”
From Mdmx promotes genomic instability independent of p53 and Mdm2 (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
MDMX is overexpressed or amplified in at least 15% of human cancers.
“MDMX, also known as MDM4, is overexpressed or amplified in at least 15% of human cancers.3,18–20”
From Mdmx promotes genomic instability independent of p53 and Mdm2 (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
Elevated Mdmx levels are observed in many tumors and during tumorigenesis.
“elevated Mdmx levels are observed in many tumors.3,18–22”
From Mdmx promotes genomic instability independent of p53 and Mdm2 (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
MDM4 is overexpressed in many human cancers.
“As with MDM2, MDM4 is overexpressed in many human cancers (Danovi, et al., 2004; Gembarska, et al., 2012; Han, et al., 2007; Leventaki, et al., 2012; Ramos, et al., 2001; Riemenschneider, et al., 1999; Valentin-Vega, et al., 2007; Wade, et al., 2013).”
From The Mdm network and its regulation of p53 activities: a rheostat of cancer risk (2014) · cites this paper as Danovi, et al., 2004
Co-expression of MDMX leads to cellular transformation in vitro, and this requires the p53-binding domain of MDMX.
“However, co-expression of MDMX leads to cellular transformation in vitro63,64,70. Importantly, this requires the p53-binding domain of MDMX, suggesting that p53-inhibitory activity of MDMX is crucial for transformation63.”
From MDM2, MDMX and p53 in oncogenesis and cancer therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
MDMX can immortalize primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and accelerate growth of human fibroblasts.
“MDMX can immortalize primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and can accelerate the growth of human fibroblasts63,64.”
From MDM2, MDMX and p53 in oncogenesis and cancer therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
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Self-citationPhosphorylation and Degradation of MdmX Is Inhibited by Wip1 Phosphatase in the DNA Damage Response
Zhang, X., Lin, L., Guo, H., Yang, J., Jones, S. N., Jochemsen, A., & Lu, X. (2009) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0634 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationGiglio, S., Mancini, F., Gentiletti, F., Sparaco, G., Felicioni, L., Barassi, F., Martella, C., Prodosmo, A., Iacovelli, S., Buttitta, F., et al. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0450 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Matijasevic, Z., Steinman, H. A., Hoover, K., & Jones, S. N. (2008) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01108-07 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Phillips, A., Teunisse, A., Lam, S., Lodder, K., Darley, M., Emaduddin, M., Wolf, A., Richter, J., de Lange, J., Verlaan-de Vries, M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.129726 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationSecondary interaction between MDMX and p53 core domain inhibits p53 DNA binding.
Wei, X., Wu, S., Song, T., Chen, L., Gao, M., Borcherds, W., Daughdrill, G. W., & Chen, J. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1603838113 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Role of Mdm4 in drug sensitivity of breast cancer cells
Lam, S., Lodder, K., Teunisse, A. F. A. S., Rabelink, M. J. W. E., Schutte, M., & Jochemsen, A. G. (2010) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2009.522 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationBH3 activation blocks Hdmx suppression of apoptosis and cooperates with Nutlin to induce cell death
Wade, M., Rodewald, L. W., Espinosa, J. M., & Wahl, G. M. (2008) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.7.13.6072 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Full-length hdmX transcripts decrease following genotoxic stress
Markey, M., & Berberich, S. J. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2008.266 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
De Clercq, S., Gembarska, A., Denecker, G., Maetens, M., Naessens, M., Haigh, K., Haigh, J. J., & Marine, J.-C. (2010) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00330-10 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationCytoplasmic tethering is involved in synergistic inhibition of p53 by Mdmx and Mdm2
Ohtsubo, C., Shiokawa, D., Kodama, M., Gaiddon, C., Nakagama, H., Jochemsen, A. G., Taya, Y., & Okamoto, K. (2009) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01180.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Abnormal MDMX degradation in tumor cells due to ARF deficiency
Li, X., Gilkes, D., Li, B., Cheng, Q., Pernazza, D., Lawrence, H., Lawrence, N., & Chen, J. (2012) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2011.534 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Leventaki, V., Rodic, V., Tripp, S. R., Bayerl, M. G., Perkins, S. L., Barnette, P., Schiffman, J. D., & Miles, R. R. (2012) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09243.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Noguchi, T., Oishi, S., Honda, K., Kondoh, Y., Saito, T., Kubo, T., Kaneda, M., Ohno, H., Osada, H., & Fujii, N. (2013) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.094 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lenos, K., de Lange, J., Teunisse, A. F., Lodder, K., Verlaan-de Vries, M., Wiercinska, E., van der Burg, M. J., Szuhai, K., & Jochemsen, A. G. (2011) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/1476-4598-10-111 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Danovi, D., Meulmeester, E., Pasini, D., Migliorini, D., Capra, M., Frenk, R., de Graaf, P., Francoz, S., Gasparini, P., Gobbi, A., Helin, K., Pelicci, P. G., Jochemsen, A. G., & Marine, J.-C.
- Affiliations
- European Institute of Oncology (IT)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- IFOM (IT)
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Marine, Jean-Christophe
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-07-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 5835-5843
- ISSN
- 0270-7306 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5549
- PMC
- PMC480894
- OpenAlex
- W2164115530
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 7.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2023-03-03)
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heat shock proteins research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- MDMX, MDM4, HDMX, p53, gene amplification, breast cancer, oncogenic transformation, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MCF-7 cells, cancer drug targets
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Humans, Neoplasms, Nuclear Proteins, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Stem Cells, Transfection, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Gene Dosage, Cell Cycle Proteins, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, RNA, Small Interfering, Mice
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