Molybdenum isotope evidence for widespread anoxia in mid-Proterozoic oceans
Abstract
How much dissolved oxygen was present in the mid-Proterozoic oceans between 1.8 and 1.0 billion years ago is debated vigorously. One model argues for oxygenation of the oceans soon after the initial rise of atmospheric oxygen approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Recent evidence for H(2)S in some mid-Proterozoic marine basins suggests, however, that the deep ocean remained anoxic until much later. New molybdenum isotope data from modern and ancient sediments indicate expanded anoxia during the mid-Proterozoic compared to the present-day ocean. Consequently, oxygenation of the deep oceans may have lagged that of the atmosphere by over a billion years.
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Based on the collective data for the boring billion, Fe-rich (ferruginous) waters must have dominated the deeper ocean.
“Based on the collective data for the boring billion (Arnold et al., 2004; Scott et al., 2008; Planavsky et al., 2011; Poulton and Canfield, 2011; Partin et al., 2013; Reinhard et al., 2013; as reviewed in Lyons et al., 2014), Fe-rich (ferruginous) waters must have dominated the deeper ocean.”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Arnold et al., 2004
A similar conclusion of euxinia for the late Paleoproterozoic and early Mesoproterozoic ocean was drawn from Fe speciation and Mo concentration and isotope data from the Rove and Velkerri formations.
“A similar conclusion was drawn for the late Paleoproterozoic and early Mesoproterozoic ocean based on sedimentary Fe speciation and Mo concentration and isotope data from the ca.1.8 Ga Rove Formation (Canada) and ca.1.4 Ga Velkerri Formation (Australia)”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Arnold et al., 2004
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“Based on the collective data for the boring billion (Arnold et al., 2004; Scott et al., 2008; Planavsky et al., 2011; Poulton and Canfield, 2011; Partin et al., 2013; Reinhard et al., 2013; as reviewed in Lyons et al., 2014), Ferich (ferruginous) waters must have dominated the deeper ocean.”
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- Authors
- Arnold, G. L., Anbar, A. D., Barling, J., & Lyons, T. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arnold, G. L.
- Barling, J.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2004-04-02
- Volume
- 304
- Issue
- 5667
- Pages
- 87-90
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2156107051
- Cited by
- 689
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 35.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- molybdenum isotopes, ocean anoxia, atmospheric oxygenation, hydrogen sulfide, Precambrian sediments, paleoceanography, Great Oxidation
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