Cited by 821Health disparities and outcomesMental Health Treatment and AccessCOVID-19 and Mental Health

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The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis

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Surkalim, Daniel L, Luo, Mengyun, Eres, Robert, Gebel, Klaus, van Buskirk, Joseph, Bauman, Adrian, Ding, Ding·2022·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj-2021-067068PMC PMC8826180

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Abstract

Objectives: To identify data availability, gaps, and patterns for population level prevalence of loneliness globally, to summarise prevalence estimates within World Health Organization regions when feasible through meta-analysis, and to examine temporal trends of loneliness in countries where data exist. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Scopus for peer reviewed literature, and Google Scholar and Open Grey for grey literature, supplemented by backward reference searching (to 1 September 2021) Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Observational studies based on nationally representative samples (n≥292), validated instruments, and prevalence data for 2000-19. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted in the subset of studies with relatively homogeneous research methods by measurement instrument, age group, and WHO region. Results: Prevalence data were available for 113 countries or territories, according to official WHO nomenclature for regions, from 57 studies. Data were available for adolescents (12-17 years) in 77 countries or territories, young adults (18-29 years) in 30 countries, middle aged adults (30-59 years) in 32 countries, and older adults (≥60 years) in 40 countries. Data for all age groups except adolescents were lacking outside of Europe. Overall, 212 estimates for 106 countries from 24 studies were included in meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of loneliness for adolescents ranged from 9.2% (95% confidence interval 6.8% to 12.4%) in South-East Asia to 14.4% (12.2% to 17.1%) in the Eastern Mediterranean region. For adults, meta-analysis was conducted for the European region only, and a consistent geographical pattern was shown for all adult age groups. The lowest prevalence of loneliness was consistently observed in northern European countries (2.9%, 1.8% to 4.5% for young adults; 2.7%, 2.4% to 3.0% for middle aged adults; and 5.2%, 4.2% to 6.5% for older adults) and the highest in eastern European countries (7.5%, 5.9% to 9.4% for young adults; 9.6%, 7.7% to 12.0% for middle aged adults; and 21.3%, 18.7% to 24.2% for older adults). Conclusion: Problematic levels of loneliness are experienced by a substantial proportion of the population in many countries. The substantial difference in data coverage between high income countries (particularly Europe) and low and middle income countries raised an important equity issue. Evidence on the temporal trends of loneliness is insufficient. The findings of this meta-analysis are limited by data scarcity and methodological heterogeneity. Loneliness should be incorporated into general health surveillance with broader geographical and age coverage, using standardised and validated measurement tools. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42019131448.

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Fig 1 International estimates for prevalence of loneliness by age groupsCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig 2 Meta-analysis of loneliness prevalence using scale based measures (de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, six item version, and University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale, three item version) in older adults (≥60 years). *Thresholds of five or six were applied. Generalised linear mixed effects models with binomial-normal distribution were used. Norway is included as part of western Europe owing to the lack of data from other northern European countriesCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig 3 Meta-analysis of loneliness prevalence based on single item measures in adolescents (12-17 years) by World Health Organization Africa region. Generalised linear mixed effects models with binomial-normal distribution were usedCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig 4 Meta-analysis of loneliness prevalence based on single item measures in adolescents (12-17 years) by World Health Organization The Americas region. Generalised linear mixed effects models with binomial-normal distribution were usedCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig 5 Meta-analysis of loneliness prevalence based on single item measures in adolescents (12-17 years) by World Health Organization Eastern Mediterrean and South-East Asia regions. Generalised linear mixed effects models with binomial-normal distribution were usedCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig 6 Meta-analysis of loneliness prevalence based on single item measures in adolescents (12-17 years) by World Health Organization Western Pacific region. Generalised linear mixed effects models with binomial-normal distribution were usedCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig 7 Meta-analysis of loneliness prevalence based on single item measures in young adults (18-29 years) in Europe. Generalised linear mixed effects models with binomial-normal distribution were used. *Unspecified recall period; past week otherwise. †Includes Israel. ‡Includes GeorgiaCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig 8 Meta-analysis of loneliness prevalence based on single item measures in middle aged adults (30-59 years) in Europe. Generalised linear mixed effects models with binomial-normal distribution were used. *Unspecified recall period; past week otherwiseCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Fig 9 Meta-analysis of loneliness prevalence based on single item measures in older adults (≥60 years) in Europe. Generalised linear mixed effects models with binomial-normal distribution were used. *Includes Israel. †Includes Georgia. ‡Unspecified recall period; past week otherwiseCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Dagani, J., Lanfredi, M., Bonfiglio, N. S., Geviti, A., Albini, D., Bussolati, M., Cosimo, F. D., Anfosso, T., Loi, E., Fazzi, E. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119541 · Cited by 4
Impact of a Multidimensional Community-Based Intervention on the Feeling of Unwanted Loneliness and Its Consequences: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Francisco-Sánchez, A., Martínez-León, S., García-Pérez, A., Báez-Hernández, J. A., Rodríguez‐Álvaro, M., & Hernández, A. M. G. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13121465 · Cited by 4
Relationships Between Body Attitude, Loneliness, Problematic Smartphone Use, and Associated Feelings of Deprivation
Soraci, P., Bevan, N., Campedelli, L., Pálmai, T., Somogyi, A., & Szabó, A. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00540-z · Cited by 3
The Lonely Mind: Unraveling Consumer Reactions to Ads of Ordinary and Extraordinary Experiences
Chen, N., Lu, F., Jiao, J., & Fan, X. (2025) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2025.2518540 · Cited by 3
“A Meta-Gallup survey across 142 countries from 2022 to 2023 showed that a quarter of adults worldwide (more than 1 billion people) felt lonely (Surkalim et al. 2022).”
Seeking Substitutive Satisfaction: The Influencing Mechanism of Loneliness on Tourists’ Pro-Environmental Behavior
Qu, Z., Li, C., & Yang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/10963480251362104 · Cited by 3
“Recent studies have expanded the understanding of loneliness by examining its prevalence (Surkalim et al., 2022) and its impacts on health and happiness (Tillmann et al., 2018).”
Prevalence and predictors of loneliness among university students: A cross-sectional study
Mamun, A. S. M. A., Islam, M. M., Labib, M. H., Hasan, F. J., Hossian, M. R., Islam, M. N., & Hossain, M. G. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000375 · Cited by 4
“Compared to Western countries, the prevalence in our study was lower, where rates often exceed 25% [52–54], likely due to higher levels of individualism in Western societies than in Bangladesh [55].”
Falls and loneliness among Chinese older adults: evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal study
Yu, Z., Jiang, M., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1630345 · Cited by 3
Adolescent loneliness as a predictor of adult obesity: a longitudinal analysis from the HUNT study, Norway
Rangul, V., Brennsaeter, M., Eik‐Nes, T. T., Kvaløy, K., & Friis, J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23872-0 · Cited by 8
“Among adolescents, loneliness has increased significantly in recent years both in Norway and globally [13, 14].”
A psychoneuroimmunological underpinnings of the relationship between childhood trauma, loneliness, and depression in older adults
Jin, R. R., Wong, N. M. L., Ma, J., Fang, J., Lin, C.-M., Toh, C., Wu, K.-Y., Hsu, J., Huang, C., Lee, S.-H., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03547-5 · Cited by 4
“Its prevalence among middle-aged and older adults, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, poses a signi ﬁ cant public health issue [14].”
Loneliness, smartphone addiction, and social anxiety in college students: Direct and indirect associations among developmental trajectories
Chen, X., Ya, Z., & Shi, X. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113442 · Cited by 6
A scoping review of influencing factors associated with loneliness in nursing home settings
van de Kolk, D., Andringa, G., de Korne, D. F., & Huijsman, R. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2552427 · Cited by 3
“In economically developed regions such as the United States and Europe, individuals aged 75 and older face a significantly higher risk of loneliness than middle-aged adults (Hawkley et al., 2022; Surkalim et al., 2022; Yang & Victor, 2011).”
The oxytocin-attention loop of loneliness
Shamai‐Leshem, D., Radai, T., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106395 · Cited by 4
Aha! moments during brief digital mental health interventions: a mixed methods study of randomized controlled trials
Kaveladze, B. T., Sung, J. Y., Sotomayor, I., Liao, J., & Schleider, J. L. (2025) · BMC Digital Health · doi:10.1186/s44247-025-00218-9 · Cited by 3
“It is transdiagnostic and affects people of all ages, with global prevalence rates ranging from 9 to 14% for chronic loneliness [3] and roughly 20% for shorter bouts [4].”
Built environment in early life is linked to heterogeneous trajectories of loneliness from childhood to adolescence in the ABCD study
Liu, H., Peng, Z., Wong, E. L., Jim, C. Y., Li, L., & Hou, W. K. (2025) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103568 · Cited by 5
Friendship: The Most Overlooked Public Health Asset
Krems, J. A., & Kaufman, V. A. (2025) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/23727322251404386 · Cited by 3
“Yet connections — and their bene ﬁ ts — seem harder than ever to realize (Peng & Roth, 2021; Surkalim et al., 2022).”
Association of Unplanned Home Visits, Deaths, Preference for Dying at Home, and Home Deaths With Patient Complexity in a Physician‐Led Home Visit Setting: A Secondary Analysis of a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
Sugiyama, Y., Watanabe, T., Mutai, R., Hoshimoto, S., Yasuda, M., Kanno, T., Yoshida, S., Tanaka, K., Matsumoto, M., & Matsushima, M. (2026) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70316 · Cited by 3
The Communicative Construction of Care: Evidence for Subjectively Reciprocal Relations Between Humans and Machines
Dehnert, M., Sharabi, L. L., & Tracy, S. J. (2026) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2025.2606765 · Cited by 4
Activities in natural environments as remedy to loneliness: The role of connectedness to nature and place attachment
Hoff, S. C., & Løvoll, H. S. (2026) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2026.103617 · Cited by 4
Loneliness, depression, and generalized anxiety across eight countries
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Social Asymmetry and Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
Qin, P., Graham, E. K., Ong, A. D., & Steptoe, A. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.58214 · Cited by 3
Interpersonal stressors, interpersonal sensitivity, and loneliness among college students: Disentangling between- and within-person associations
Chen, X.-Y., Zhu, Y., & Shi, X. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113715 · Cited by 3
Effectiveness of interventions for social isolation, loneliness, and social participation in older adults with hearing loss: results from a systematic review
Beadle, J., Yuwono, E., Levasseur, M., & Wister, A. (2026) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-026-03107-y · Cited by 4
“Social isolation and loneliness are common experiences worldwide, particularly for older adults [1].”
LLM-“Friends” are Hostile Scaffolds in the Age of Loneliness
Sahebi, S., & Parvizi-Wayne, D. (2026) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0 · Cited by 3
“…as we noted in the introduction, many currently, already find themselves (again see Office of the Surgeon General, 2023; see also Johnson, 2023; Surkalim et al., 2022 ), given that seeking out and forming new friendships (or even maintain - ing current ones) will be seen as a particularly…”
Social disconnection and health among refugees in a low-resource setting: A longitudinal study
Kurt, G., Specker, P., Liddell, B. J., Keegan, D. J., Nandyatama, R. W., Yuanita, A., Rachmah, R. A., Hoffman, J., & Nickerson, A. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117171 · Cited by 3
Effectiveness of digital health interventions in reducing loneliness among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ren, J., Qiu, J., Cai, J., Li, Y. M., Huang, L., & Li, X. (2026) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afag122 · Cited by 3
A wandering mind reflects a lonely mind: A cross-cultural study
Liu, S., Zhao, M., Li, R., Huang, C., Du, J., Schad, D. J., & Heinzel, S. (2024) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100153 · Cited by 3
Embracing Connection: A Review of First-Ever Clinical Guidelines on Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults
Hoang, P., & Conn, D. (2024) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics9050117 · Cited by 4
“European and American prevalence estimates of loneliness have reported that this issue affects up to one third of older adults [3,13,14].”
Background
Should Loneliness Be a Treatment Target?
Krieger, T., & Seewer, N. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000540988 · Cited by 3
“Although loneliness is often associated with old age, it is not only prevalent in this age-group [9, 10].”
How can Community Music Help Address Loneliness in Contexts of Social Marginalisation? Insights From Two Music for Social Connection Programs
Heard, E. M., Bartleet, B., Spence, J. M., Dean, K. I., Eyles, S., Martinelli, J., & McGuire, K. (2024) · Community Health Equity Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/2752535x241304084 · Cited by 6
Correlates of loneliness among middle-aged and older forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals living in Bangladesh
Tareque, M. I., Rakibuzzaman, M., Alam, M. J., Manierre, M. J., Malhotra, R., Sarker, B. K., & Mamun, M. A. A. (2024) · Cogent Gerontology · doi:10.1080/28324897.2024.2438058 · Cited by 3
Associations between consistency of current and preferred living arrangements and loneliness in older adults with multimorbidity: A nationwide cross-sectional study
Liu, Y., Song, J., Jin, Y., Brown, R., & Yang, R. (2025) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.01.045 · Cited by 3
Suppression of Positive and Negative Emotions and Loneliness among Emerging Adults: A Moderated-Mediation Model of Romantic Relationship Satisfaction and Gender
Karababa, A. (2025) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2025.2466100 · Cited by 3
“In parallel, judged by scientific evidence, a substantial proportion of people across many different countries suffer from loneliness (Holt-Lunstad, 2017; Surkalim et al., 2022).”
Owners of Lonely Hearts: Pet Attachment and Social Support Impact on Depression and Loneliness in Healthcare Employees
Kulari, G., & de Castro, M. P. (2025) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2025.2476293 · Cited by 4
“The instrument has a very good reliability coefficient (0.94), and it is the most used loneliness scale worldwide (Kretzler et al., 2022; Surkalim et al., 2022).”
Influential
Correlates of Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Korean Adults
Song, I. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13070806 · Cited by 4
“A meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of loneliness ranged from 2.7% to 9.6% for middle-aged adults and from 5.2% to 21.3% for older adults in European countries prior to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [8].”
Influential
How is loneliness orientation implicated in the relationship between sleep problems, loneliness intensity, and school refusal in adolescents?
Okajima, I., & Hiruma, S. (2025) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-025-00586-9 · Cited by 3
“In particular, young adults aged 18–22 are most likely to feel lonely [4].”
Loneliness in South African youth and its association with HIV infection, substance use and mental health
Stein, G. N., Phillips, N. J., Nyathi, M. N., & Hoare, J. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2025.2495877 · Cited by 4
“A recent systematic review including studies from 113 countries found loneliness to be a ubiquitous problem (Surkalim et al., 2022).”
Social and Demographic Determinants of Health: A Descriptive Study on the Impact of Place of Residence and Community Belonging
Llaberia, R. P., Gallisà, T. B., Martínez‐Torres, S., Rodríguez-Soler, S., Pallejà-Millán, M., Buscemi, A., Rey‐Reñones, C., & Martín‐Luján, F. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13101125 · Cited by 3
“That study reports that the prevalence of loneliness in Spain is around 9%, similar to the 11.5% in our study, and 21.2% among those over 65, which aligns with rates found in Eastern European countries [22].”
Influential
Marginalization and Intersectionality in Adults’ Relationship to Society Explain Increasing Loneliness: A Critical Realist Lens on Thematic Narrative Inquiry
Bauer, K. L., Eskew, S. K., Tung, G. J., Leiferman, J. A., Fort, M. P., McManus, B. M., & Johnson-Koenke, R. A. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069251346264 · Cited by 4
“Prevalence of serious loneliness in adult populations varies based on age and country, with higher estimates found to range roughly between 10% up to 40% (Surkalim et al., 2022).”
Joint association of loneliness and anxiety on atrial fibrillation risk
Liu, S., Tang, H., Wang, J., Li, Y., Meng, C., Wu, J., Wang, W., Yuan, H., & Lu, Y. (2025) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2025.02.050 · Cited by 4
Perceived safety and mental health among Asian American women: Exploring the moderating role of loneliness and resilience
Cao, J., Shevrin, S., An, L. M., Wong, J. A., Choi, S., Yi, S. S., Trinh‐Shevrin, C., & Lim, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317322 · Cited by 4
“Loneliness, defined as the distressing experiences that arises from unmet social needs through inadequate support from their current social connections [28,29], is a global epidemic [30] with significant detrimental effects on mental health [31,32].”
Comparing the effects of reduced social contact on psychosocial wellbeing before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal survey from two Norwegian counties
Kalseth, J., Ådnanes, M., Ose, S. O., Lassemo, E. I., Kaspersen, S. L., & das Nair, R. (2023) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-023-03350-z · Cited by 3
“Because the relationship between change in social contact and change in psychological wellbeing may differ between population groups [26], we investigated the differences between age groups; therefore, all analyses were stratified by age.”
BackgroundMethod
What (if anything) is missing in reports of psychological interventions for loneliness? A TIDieR analysis.
Badcock, J. C., Christiansen, J. A., Badcock, A. C., & Lasgaard, M. (2023) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100136 · Cited by 3
Disparities in severe loneliness between adults with and without a serious mental illness.
Nagata, S., McCormick, B. P., Brusilovskiy, E., Townley, G., & Salzer, M. S. (2023) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000591 · Cited by 4
Association of living condition using urbanisation level and neighbourhood deprivation with loneliness and social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of the nationwide data in Japan
Sasaki, N., Tabuchi, T., Okubo, R., & Nishi, D. (2023) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000341 · Cited by 4
Understanding the Sociocultural Dynamics of Loneliness in Southern Spanish Youth
Cala, V. C., & Ortega, F. (2024) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-024-09861-9 · Cited by 4
“Nevertheless, the meta-analysis by Surkalim et al. (2022) revealed that young people are still the age group for which the least statistical information is available.”
Background
Theater-based interventions as a means of reducing social isolation and loneliness, facilitating successful aging, and strengthening social cognition in older adults
McDonald, B., Reiter, A. M. F., & Kanske, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1364509 · Cited by 3
Interpersonal Loneliness Predicts the Frequency and Intensity of Nightmares: An Examination of Theoretic Mechanisms
Floyd, K., Hesse, C., Ray, C. D., & Mikkelson, A. C. (2024) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2024.2378418 · Cited by 3
“According to a 2022 meta-analysis by Surkalim et al. (2022), the global prevalence rates for loneliness range from 9.2% to 14.4% for adolescents and reach up to 24.2% for adults.”
Influential
Loneliness and Cognitive Vulnerability Factors: A Systematic Review Focused of Maladaptive Cognitions
Oltean, L.-E., Canache, M., PATRICHI, A., Rîmbu, R., SÎNTOMA, D., Miu, A. C., & SZENTÁGOTAI-TĂTAR, A. (2024) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2024.2.14 · Cited by 3
I Don't matter anyway. Will more Instagram change that? Anti-mattering and Instagram Feed vs. stories addiction symptoms: The moderating roles of loneliness and life satisfaction
Opariuc‐Dan, C., Maftei, A., & Merlici, I.-A. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100530 · Cited by 8

Authors: Surkalim, D. L., Luo, M., Eres, R., Gebel, K., van Buskirk, J., Bauman, A., & Ding, D.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
University of Technology Sydney (AU)
Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Corresponding author: Ding, Ding
ORCID: Surkalim, Daniel L
Luo, Mengyun
Eres, Robert
Gebel, Klaus
van Buskirk, Joseph
Bauman, Adrian
Ding, Ding
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2022-02-09
Volume: 376
Pages: e067068
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067068
PMC: PMC8826180
OpenAlex: W4211106541
Cited by: 821
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 220 · 2025: 236 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 44
FWCI: 20.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords: loneliness, prevalence of loneliness, cross-national comparison, adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, older adults, temporal trends, WHO regions, loneliness and isolation
MeSH terms: Demography, Humans, Loneliness, Global Health, Prevalence

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The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis

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