Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Objective : To investigate the association of dietary habits with mortality in a cohort of vegetarians and other health conscious people. Design : Observational study. Setting : United Kingdom. Subjects : 4336 men and 6435 women recruited through health food shops, vegetarian societies, and magazines. Main outcome measures : Mortality ratios for vegetarianism and for daily versus less than daily consumption of wholemeal bread, bran cereals, nuts or dried fruit, fresh fruit, and raw salad in relation to all cause mortality and mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, all malignant neoplasms, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Results : 2064 (19%) subjects smoked, 4627 (43%) were vegetarian, 6699 (62%) ate wholemeal bread daily, 2948 (27%) ate bran cereals daily, 4091 (38%) ate nuts or dried fruit daily, 8304 (77%) ate fresh fruit daily, and 4105 (38%) ate raw salad daily. After a mean of 16.8 years follow up there were 1343 deaths before age 80. Overall the cohort had a mortality about half that of the general population. Within the cohort, daily consumption of fresh fruit was associated with significantly reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease (rate ratio adjusted for smoking 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.97)), cerebrovascular disease (0.68 (0.47 to 0.98)), and for all causes combined (0.79 (0.70 to 0.90)). Conclusions : In this cohort of health conscious individuals, daily consumption of fresh fruit is associated with a reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and all causes combined. Key messages This study examined dietary factors associated with mortality among 11 000 health conscious people followed for an average of 17 years. After smoking was adjusted for, daily consumption of fresh fruit was associated with a 24% reduction in mortality from ischaemic heart disease, a 32% reduction in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, and a 21% reduction in all cause mortality compared with less frequent consumption.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cites
Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study
Hertog, M. G. L., Feskens, E. J. M., Kromhout, D., Hertog, M. G. L., Hollman, P. C. H., Hertog, M. G. L., & Katan, M. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-u · Cited by 4,336 · see citing works
Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence.
Block, G., Patterson, B. H., & Subar, A. (1992) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635589209514201 · Cited by 3,321 · see citing works
Antioxidant Vitamin Intake and Coronary Mortality in a Longitudinal Population Study
Knekt, P., Reunanen, A., Jävinen, R., Seppänen, R., Heliövaara, M., & Aromaa, A. J. (1994) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116964 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Vitamin C Intake and Mortality among a Sample of the United States Population
Enstrom, J., Kanim, L., & Klein, M. A. (1992) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199205000-00003 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men.
Gillman, M., Cupples, L., Gagnon, D., Posner, B., Ellison, R., Castelli, W., & Wolf, P. (1995) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520380049034 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Dietary Potassium and Stroke-Associated Mortality
Khaw, K., & Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198701293160502 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Gaziano, J. M., Manson, J. E., Branch, L. G., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Buring, J. E. (1995) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(94)00090-g · Cited by 371 · see citing works
CONTROLLED, RANDOMISED TRIAL OF THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT ON BLOOD PRESSURE
Puska, P. (1983) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91556-8 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people
Gale, C., Martyn, C., Winter, P., & Cooper, C. (1995) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1563 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Law, M. R., Wald, N., Wu, T., Hackshaw, A. K., & Bailey, A. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6925.363 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Some diseases characteristic of modern Western civilization.
Burkitt, D. P. (1973) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5848.274 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Association between certain foods and risk of acute myocardial infarction in women.
Gramenzi, A., Gentile, A., Fasoli, M., Negri, E., Parazzini, F., & Vecchia, C. L. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6727.771 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Mortality among California Seventh-Day Adventists for selected cancer sites.
Phillips, R. L., Garfinkel, L., Kuzma, J. W., Beeson, W. L., Lotz, T. M., & Brin, B. N. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Meat consumption and fatal ischemic heart disease
Snowdon, D. A., Phillips, R. L., & Fraser, G. E. (1984) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(84)90017-3 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
DOES CONSUMPTION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES PROTECT AGAINST STROKE?
Acheson, R., & Williams, D. (1983) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92467-4 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Risk of death from cancer and ischaemic heart disease in meat and non-meat eaters
Thorogood, M., Mann, J. I., Appleby, P. N., & McPherson, K. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6945.1667 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Vitamin C and β-Carotene and Risk of Death in Middle-aged Men
Pandey, D. K., Shekelle, R. B., Selwyn, B. J., Tangney, C., & Stamler, J. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117594 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN REPORTED DIET AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY
Kahn, H. A., Phillips, R. L., Snowdon, D. A., & CHOI, W. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113798 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men
Gillman, M. W. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.273.14.1113 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Allhoff, P., Laaser, U., & Heinrich, J. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95642-3_67 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Vegetarianism, dietary fiber, and mortality
Burr, M. L., & Sweetnam, P. M. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.873 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk factors for colon neoplasia—epidemiology and biology
Potter, J. D. (1995) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/0959-8049(95)00125-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Role of reproductive factors in breast cancer in a low-risk area: a case–control study
Rao, D. N., Ganesh, B., & Desai, P. B. (1994) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1994.261 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mortality Pattern of German Vegetarians after 11 Years of Follow-up
Chang-Claude, J., Frentzel‐Beyme, R., & Eilber, U. (1992) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199209000-00003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Heart disease in British vegetarians
Burr, M. L., & Butland, B. K. (1988) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.3.830 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationANIMAL PRODUCT CONSUMPTION AND SUBSEQUENT FATAL BREAST CANCER RISK AMONG SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS
Mills, P. K., Annegers, J. F., & Phillips, R. L. (1988) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114821 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Plasma cholesterol and blood pressure in vegetarians.
Ml, B., Bates, C. J., FEHILY, A. M., & Leger, A. S. S. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 58 · see citing works
DOES CONSUMPTION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES PROTECT AGAINST STROKE?
VOLLSET, S. (1983) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92280-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people
Gale, C. R. (1996) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/1062-1458(96)82278-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Venkatesh (1989) · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health
Tilman, D. G., & Clark, M. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13959 · Cited by 3,413 · see citing works
de Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J.-L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., & Mamelle, N. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.6.779 · Cited by 2,910 · see citing works
Wang, X., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, M., Zhao, G., Bao, W., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g4490 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W., Kris-Etherton, P., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2284 · Cited by 1,458 · see citing works
Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention
Tilman, D., Clark, M., Williams, D. R., Kimmel, K., Polasky, S., & Packer, C. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22900 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease
Hung, H.-C., Joshipura, K. J., Jiang, R., Hu, F. B., Hunter, D., Smith-Warner, S. A., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman, D., & Willett, W. C. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh296 · Cited by 1,327 · see citing works
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., Hercberg, S., & Dallongeville, J. (2006) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.10.2588 · Cited by 1,204 · see citing works
McCullough, M. L., Feskanich, D., Stampfer, M. J., Giovannucci, E. L., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1261 · Cited by 1,191 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women
Mosca, L. J., Appel, L. J., Benjamin, E. J., Berra, K. A., Chandra‐Strobos, N., Fabunmi, R. P., Grady, D. G., Haan, C. K., Hayes, S. N., Judelson, D. R., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000114834.85476.81 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
Overview of the Health Benefits of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption for the Dietetics Professional
Duyn, M. A. V., & Pivonka, E. (2000) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00420-x · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Miller, V., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Rangarajan, S., Zhang, X., Swaminathan, S., Dagenais, G. R., Gupta, R., Mohan, V., Lear, S. A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32253-5 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, Nutritional Knowledge and Beliefs in Mothers and Children
Gibson, E. L., Wardle, J., & WATTS, C. J. (1998) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1998.0180 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., et al. (2000) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.31.11.2751 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Schwingshackl, L., Schwedhelm, C., Hoffmann, G., Lampousi, A.-M., Knüppel, S., Iqbal, K., Bechthold, A., Schlesinger, S., & Boeing, H. (2017) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.153148 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Key, T. J., Fraser, G. E., Thorogood, M., Appleby, P. N., Beral, V., Reeves, G., Burr, M. L., Chang-Claude, J., Frentzel-Beyme, R., Kuzma, J. W., et al. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.516s · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease
Bazzano, L. A., Serdula, M. K., & Liu, S. (2003) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-003-0040-z · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Risk of Breast Cancer
Smith‐Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D. L., Yaun, S., Adami, H., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Goldbohm, R. A., et al. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.6.769 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Carotenoids bioavailability from foods: From plant pigments to efficient biological activities
Fernández‐García, E., Carvajal-Lérida, I., Jarén‐Galán, M., Garrido‐Fernández, J., Pérez‐Gálvez, A., & Hornero‐Méndez, D. (2011) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.007 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial
Burr, M. L., Ashfield-Watt, P. A. L., Dunstan, F. D. J., Fehily, A. M., Breay, P., Ashton, T., Zotos, P. C., Haboubi, N. A. A., & Elwood, P. C. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601539 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, T., Yang, B., Zheng, J., Li, G., Wahlqvist, M. L., & Li, D. (2012) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000337301 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Genkinger, J. M., Platz, E. A., Hoffman, S. C., Comstock, G. W., & Helzlsouer, K. J. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh339 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women
Mosca, L. J., Appel, L. J., Benjamin, E. J., Berra, K. A., Chandra‐Strobos, N., Fabunmi, R. P., Grady, D. G., Haan, C. K., Hayes, S. N., Judelson, D. R., et al. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000114834.85476.81 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis of cohort studies
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., & Dallongeville, J. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000180600.09719.53 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Dietary Fruits and Vegetables and Cardiovascular Diseases Risk
Alissa, E. M., & Ferns, G. A. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1040487 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
VOORRIPS, L. E., Goldbohm, R. A., van Poppel, G., STURMANS, F., Hermus, R. J. J., & van den Brandt, P. A. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/152.11.1081 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Dietary nitrate in man: friend or foe?
McKnight, G. M., Duncan, C. W., Leifert, C., & Golden, M. H. (1999) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711459900063x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Lowe, C. F., Horne, P. J., Tapper, K., Bowdery, M., & Egerton, C. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601838 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Wine intake and diet in a random sample of 48763 Danish men and women
Tjønneland, A. M., Grønbæk, M., Stripp, C., & Overvad, K. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.49 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Cereals, legumes, and chronic disease risk reduction: evidence from epidemiologic studies
Kushi, L. H., Meyer, K. A., & Jacobs, D. R. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.451s · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Vieira, A., Abar, L., Vingeliene, S., Chan, D. S. M., Aune, D., Navarro-Rosenblatt, D., Stevens, C. A. T., Greenwood, D. C., & Norat, T. (2015) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv381 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Fruits, vegetables and coronary heart disease
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., & Dallongeville, J. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.131 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Spencer, E. A., Travis, R. C., Roddam, A., & Allen, N. E. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736l · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citationHerrmann, W., Schorr, H., Obeid, R., & Geisel, J. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.131 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Vitamins E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health
GEY, K. F. (1998) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.5520070115 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Is Simpler Always Better? Consumer Evaluations of Front-of-Package Nutrition Symbols
Andrews, J. C., Burton, S., & Kees, J. (2011) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.30.2.175 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Key, T. J., Fraser, G. E., Thorogood, M., Appleby, P. N., Beral, V., Reeves, G., Burr, M. L., Chang-Claude, J., Frentzel-Beyme, R., Kuzma, J. W., et al. (1998) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn19980006 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationde Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J. L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., & MAMELLE, N. (1999) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/00019616-199907000-00016 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Hernán, M. Á., Giovannucci, E. L., Kawachi, I. I., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00003 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review
Asplund, K. (2002) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00973.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Zhan, J., Liu, Y.-J., Cai, L.-B., Xu, F.-R., Xie, T., & He, Q.-Q. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1008980 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Whole Grain Intake and Mortality From All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer
Zong, G., Gao, A., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.021101 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Vang, A., Singh, P. N., Lee, J. W., Haddad, E. H., & Brinegar, C. H. (2008) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000121365 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Aune, D. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz042 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
AHA Scientific Statement: AHA Dietary Guidelines
Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., et al. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.1.132 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The Benefits of Breakfast Cereal Consumption: A Systematic Review of the Evidence Base
Williams, P. (2014) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.114.006247 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Automated interventions for multiple health behaviors using conversational agents
Bickmore, T. W., Schulman, D., & Sidner, C. (2013) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.05.011 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Aune, D., Chan, D. S. M., Vieira, A., Navarro-Rosenblatt, D., Vieira, R. D. C. P. A., Greenwood, D. C., & Norat, T. (2012) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2118-1 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Influences on meat consumption in Australia
Lea, E. J., & Worsley, A. F. (2001) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2000.0386 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Inverse Association of Dietary Fat With Development of Ischemic Stroke in Men
Gillman, M. W. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550240035030 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A review
Jacobs, D. R., & Gallaher, D. D. (2004) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-004-0081-y · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Dragsted, L. O., Pedersen, A. T., Hermetter, A., Basu, S., Hansen, M., Ravn‐Haren, G., Kall, M. A., Breinholt, V. M., Castenmiller, J. J. M., Stagsted, J., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1060 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Intake of fruit and vegetables and the risk of ischemic stroke in a cohort of Danish men and women
Johnsen, S. P., Overvad, K., Stripp, C., Tjønneland, A. M., Husted, S., & Sørensen, H. T. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.57 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Szeto, Y. T., Kwok, T. C. Y., & Benzie, I. F. F. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.006 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer: A pooled analysis of cohort studies
Smith‐Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D. L., Yaun, S., Albanes, D., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Feskanich, D., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., et al. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.11490 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and colon cancer risk
McCullough, M. L., Robertson, A. S., Chao, A., Jacobs, E. J., Stampfer, M. J., Jacobs, D. R., Diver, W. R., Calle, E. E., & Thun, M. J. (2003) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/b:caco.0000007983.16045.a1 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Effect of Dietary Patterns on Serum Homocysteine
Appel, L. J., Miller, E. R., Jee, S. H., Stolzenberg‐Solomon, R. Z., Rd, Lin, P., Erlinger, T. P., Nadeau, M., & Selhub, J. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.8.852 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Chen, G., Tong, X., Xu, J., Han, S.-F., Wan, Z., Qin, J., & Qin, L. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122432 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Prospective Study of Fat and Protein Intake and Risk of Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage in Women
Iso, H., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., Hu, F. B., Hennekens, C. H., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.6.856 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Does low meat consumption increase life expectancy in humans?
Singh, P. N., Sabaté, J., & Fraser, G. E. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.526s · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Gaesser, G. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123756 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Comparison of Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids as Antioxidants
Han, R., Tian, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, C., Ai, X., Zhang, J., & Skibsted, L. H. (2009) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf803850p · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Horne, P. J., Hardman, C. A., Lowe, C. F., Tapper, K., Noury, J. L., Madden, P., Patel, P., & Doody, M. (2008) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.34 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
A reusable framework for health counseling dialogue systems based on a behavioral medicine ontology
Bickmore, T. W., Schulman, D., & Sidner, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2010.12.006 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The UK Women's Cohort Study: comparison of vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters
Cade, J. E., Burley, V. J., Greenwood, D. C., & UK Women's Cohort Study Steering Group (2004) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2004620 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Potential Health Benefits from the Flavonoids in Grape Products on Vascular Disease
Folts, J. D. (2002) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5235-9_9 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Zhou, D., Yu, H., He, F., Reilly, K. H., Zhang, J., Li, S., Zhang, T., Wang, B., Ding, Y., & Xi, B. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.079152 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Benisi-Kohansal, S., Saneei, P., Salehi‐Marzijarani, M., Larijani, B. A., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.011635 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Isolation and analysis of bioactive isoflavonoids and chalcone from a new type of Brazilian propolis
Oldoni, T. L. C., Cabral, I. S. R., Regitano-D’Arce, M. A. B., Rosalen, P. L., Ikegaki, M., do Nascimento, A. M., & de Alencar, S. M. (2010) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2010.12.007 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Vegetarian lifestyle and monitoring of vitamin B-12 status
Herrmann, W., & Geisel, J. (2002) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00307-8 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
A unifying view of ageing and disease: the double-agent theory
Lane, N. J. (2003) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(03)00304-7 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Nechuta, S., Shu, X., Li, H., Yang, G., Xiang, Y., Cai, H., Chow, W., Ji, B., Zhang, X., Wen, W., et al. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000339 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hininger‐Favier, I., Meyer-Wenger, A., Moser, U., Wright, A. J. A., Southon, S., Thurnham, D. I., Chopra, M., Berg, H. V. D., Olmedilla‐Alonso, B., Favier, A. E., et al. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719037 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
McLean, J. A., & Barr, S. I. (2003) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(02)00125-3 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Plant foods and the risk of cerebrovascular diseases: a potential protection of fruit consumption
Mizrahi, A., Knekt, P., Montonen, J., Laaksonen, M. A., Heliövaara, M., & Järvinen, R. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509359097 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Modulation of human T-lymphocyte functions by the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables
Watzl, B., Bub, A., Brandstetter, B. R., & Rechkemmer, G. (1999) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114599001634 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cox, D. N., Anderson, A. S., Reynolds, J., McKellar, S., Lean, M. E. J., & Mela, D. J. (1998) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114598001020 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Dietary Fat and Risk of Chronic Disease
Weisburger, J. H. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00725-6 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Horne, P. J., Greenhalgh, J., Erjavec, M., Lowe, C. F., Viktor, S., & Whitaker, C. J. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.11.146 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Nurk, E., Refsum, H., Drevon, C. A., Tell, G. S., Nygaard, H. A., Engedal, K., & Smith, A. D. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510001807 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Position of The American Dietetic Association
Messina, V. K., & Burke, K. I. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00314-3 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Mediterranean diet adherence and self-reported psychological functioning in an Australian sample
Crichton, G. E., Bryan, J., Hodgson, J. M., & Murphy, K. J. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.06.088 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Griep, L. M. O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kromhout, D., Ocké, M. C., & Verschuren, W. M. M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013609 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Impact of Dietary Patterns and Interventions on Cardiovascular Health
Zarraga, I. G. E., & Schwarz, E. R. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.603910 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Vegetarianism: Toward a greater understanding
Janda, S., & Trocchia, P. J. (2001) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.1050 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford
Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., Allen, N. E., Spencer, E. A., & Travis, R. C. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.533s · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationJafari, S., Hezaveh, E., Jalilpiran, Y., Jayedi, A., Wong, A., Safaiyan, A., & Barzegar, A. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1918628 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Horticultural Factors Affecting Antioxidant Capacity of Blueberries and other Small Fruit
Howell, A. B., Kalt-Torres, W., Duy, J. C., Forney, C. F., & McDonald, J. E. (2001) · HortTechnology · doi:10.21273/horttech.11.4.523 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Fiber intake and all-cause mortality in the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) study
Buil‐Cosiales, P., Zazpe, I., Toledo, E., Corella, D., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Díez‐Espino, J., Ros, E., Navajas, J. F.-C., Santos‐Lozano, J. M., Arós, F., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.093757 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Long-term vegetarians have low oxidative stress, body fat, and cholesterol levels
Kim, M. K., Cho, S. W., & Park, Y. K. (2012) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2012.6.2.155 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Fruit and vegetables – attitudes and knowledge of primary school children
Edwards, J. S., & Hartwell, H. (2002) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-277x.2002.00386.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Marín, F. R., Fernández, M. J. F., Pérez‐Álvarez, J. Á., Martinez-Sánchez, F., & del Rı́o, J. A. (2002) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1572-5995(02)80018-7 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Muñoz, X., Martı́nez, C., Cuevas, A. M., Panes, O., Aranda, E., Guasch, V., Strobel, P., Muñoz, B., Rodríguez, S., Pereira, J. I., et al. (1999) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1614598 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Phylloquinone intake as a marker for coronary heart disease risk but not stroke in women
Erkkilä, A. T., Booth, S. L., Hu, F. B., Jacques, P. F., Manson, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., Stampfer, M. J., & Lichtenstein, A. H. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602058 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Economic analysis of complementary medicine: a systematic review
White, A. R., & Ernst, E. (2000) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1054/ctim.2000.0356 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Physical fitness and vegetarian diets: is there a relation?
Nieman, D. C. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.570s · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Paternal Dioxin, Preterm Birth, Intrauterine Growth Retardation, and Infant Death
-Michalek, J. E., Rahe, A. J., & Boyle, C. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199803000-00010 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Raw versus Cooked Vegetables and Cancer Risk
Link, L. B., & Potter, J. D. (2004) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.1422.13.9 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Modified Cretan Mediterranean Diet in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease and Cancer
de Lorgeril, M., & Salen, P. (2000) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059721 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
What do mothers feed their children and why?
Alderson, T. S. J. (1999) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/14.6.717 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Németh, N., Rudnák, I., Ymeri, P., & Fogarassy, C. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11113052 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
- Authors
- Key, T. J. A., Thorogood, M., Appleby, P. N., & Burr, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Wales (GB)
- ORCID
- Key, Timothy J A
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1996-09-28
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 7060
- Pages
- 775-779
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2352199
- OpenAlex
- W1972485524
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 25.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- vegetarian diet, dietary habits, mortality, fresh fruit consumption, whole grain bread, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer mortality, smoking
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Body Weight, Bread, Cause of Death, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Feeding Behavior, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Fruit, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Smoking, Vegetables, Diet, Vegetarian, Cohort Studies, Health Behavior, Myocardial Ischemia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review