Comparison of the prediction by 27 different factors of coronary heart disease and death in men and women of the Scottish heart health study: cohort study
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Objective: To compare prediction by 27 different factors in men and women of coronary heart disease events, coronary deaths, and deaths from all causes. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Scottish population study. Subjects: In 1984-7 random sampling of residents aged 40-59 produced 11 629 men and women who generated survey clinic questionnaires, examination findings, and blood and urine specimens. Main outcome measures: Subsequent death, coronary artery surgery, and myocardial infarction. Risks were calculated for each category of factor or fifth of continuous variables. 27 factors were ranked by descending age adjusted hazard ratio of the top to bottom class in each factor, by sex and end point. Results: Follow up averaged 7.6 years, during which the 5754 men had 404 coronary events, 159 coronary deaths, and 383 deaths and the 5875 women 177, 47, and 208 respectively. The rankings for factors for the three end points were mainly similar in men and women, although hazard ratios were often higher in women. Classical risk factors ranked better for predicting coronary risk than newer ones. Yet strong prediction of coronary risk was no guarantee of significant prediction of all cause mortality. Findings included an anomalous coronary protective role for type A behaviour in women; raised plasma fibrinogen as a strong predictor of all end points; and an unexpectedly powerful protective relation of dietary potassium to all cause mortality. Conclusions: These initial unifactorial rankings and comparisons must be interpreted with caution until potential interaction, confounding, and problems of measurement and causation are further explored. Key messages: Among Scottish men and women studied for 27 risk factors for coronary heart disease and followed up for eight years classical risk factors scored strongly in predicting coronary risk but the performance of new ones was more variable Risk factors for coronary disease, and also for death, showed few, albeit interesting, differences between men and women Relative risk was often higher for risk factors in women but they had low levels of absolute risk when risk factor levels were low Smoking, blood pressure, and fibrinogen predicted coronary disease and also death, but other factors are less consistent Unifactorial results should not be overinterpreted, but the protective effect of potassium consumption is of particular interest
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Relatively few studies were available for some lipid compartments, such as adipose and cholesterol esters, limiting inference for these specific compartments.
“Relatively few studies19,22,32,35 were available for some lipid compartments (eg, adipose, cholesterol esters), limiting inference for these specific compartments.”
From ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Disease: Pooling Project of 19 Cohort Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Woodward, M., Tavendale, R., Brook, R. A., & McCluskey, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY
- Ninewells Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Woodward, Mark
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1997-09-20
- Volume
- 315
- Issue
- 7110
- Pages
- 722-729
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- PMC
- PMC2127508
- OpenAlex
- W2061550204
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 11.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk factors, all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease mortality, myocardial infarction, coronary artery surgery, sex differences, Type A behavior pattern, fibrinogen, potassium intake, smoking, blood pressure, risk prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Height, Body Weight, Cause of Death, Cholesterol, Coronary Disease, Female, Fibrinogen, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Fitness, Potassium, Risk Factors, Scotland, Smoking, Sodium, Vitamins, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Proportional Hazards Models
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