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Simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments: Combining direct and indirect evidence.
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A randomized comparison between rasburicase and allopurinol in children with lymphoma or
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“Network of interventions 8 8 compare all treatments even in the absence of direct evidence have been extensively discussed in the literature (Caldwell et al., 2005; Cooper et al., 2011; Jansen et al., 2008; Salanti et al., 2008a; Sutton et al., 2008).”
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“If the consistency model is supported by the data, then it is useful to report the probability that each treatment is the best treatment (Caldwell et al., 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationEvaluation of networks of randomized trials
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Self-citationConceptual and technical challenges in network meta-analysis
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“Several applications and methodological articles have outlined the benefits of network analysis (1, 8, 9), which has become increasingly popular (Appendix Figure 1, available at www.”
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Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making 4
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Self-citationA meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures
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“We performed most of the analyses using a multivariate implementation of network meta-analysis (Caldwell et al., 2005; Lu & Ades, 2004; Salanti, 2012).”
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“Such a network allows for indirect comparisons of interventions not studied in a head-to-head fashion [2].”
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Self-citationShort- and Long-Term Outcomes With Drug-Eluting and Bare-Metal Coronary Stents
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Self-citationGetReal in network meta-analysis: a review of the methodology
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“As a consequence, indirect treatment comparisons may be more subject to biased treatment effect estimates, owing, for example, to confounding (e.g., when randomized AB and AC studies are systematically different than BC; Caldwell et al., 2005) and selection bias (e.”
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“To improve statistical power evidence generated by indirect comparison can be combined with evidence from head to head trials.”
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Linear and generalized linear mixed models
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Self-citationNetwork meta-analysis-highly attractive but more methodological research is needed
Li, T., Puhan, M. A., Vedula, S. S., Singh, S., Dickersin, K., & The Ad Hoc Network Meta-analysis Methods Meeting Working Group (2011) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-79 · Cited by 372
“As a consequence of Combine direct and indirect evidence Direct evidence obtained within RCTs Indirect evidence obtained across RCTs B vs.”
InfluentialBratton, D. J., Gaisl, T., Wons, A. M., & Kohler, M. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.16303 · Cited by 362
Use of Indirect and Mixed Treatment Comparisons for Technology Assessment
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Oral or transdermal opioids for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip
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Self-citationSynthesising quantitative evidence in systematic reviews of complex health interventions
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“47 58 59 As an example, Achana et al examined the effectiveness of safety interventions on the uptake of three poisoning prevention practices in households with children.”
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“Characteristics of exercise and medication RCTs RCTs of exercise interventions included substantially fewer participants; average sample size in exercise RCTs was 53 (range: 15-464) compared to 139 in RCTs of beta-blockers (7-1092), 174 in studies of ACE-inhibitors (14-625), 188 for diuretics (24-2776), 185 for CCBs (…”
ResultVisualizing Assumptions and Results in Network Meta-analysis: The Network Graphs Package
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“the comparison of interest would be considered [4,5,10,12].”
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A design‐by‐treatment interaction model for network meta‐analysis with random inconsistency effects
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“Methods for network meta-analysis began by distinguishing between direct and indirect sources of evidence and then combining across them [8].”
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A case study of multiple-treatments meta-analysis demonstrates that covariates should be considered
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“This is equivalent to assuming that the trials are ‘exchangeable’ in their populations, outcomes, design, and conduct [3] or, in other words, that they are sufficiently similar regarding all characteristics other than the comparison(s) being made [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBiological soil health indicators respond to tillage intensity: A US meta-analysis
Nunes, M. R., Karlen, D. L., Veum, K. S., Moorman, T. B., & Cambardella, C. A. (2020) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114335 · Cited by 335
Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Antipsychotics in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
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“To determine the comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins, we conducted network meta-analyses, which are generalizations of indirect comparisons with >2 (or multiple pairs of) treatments being compared indirectly and ≥1 pair of treatments compared both directly and indirectly.(25,26) This type of analy…”
MethodWoods, B. S., Hawkins, N., & Scott, D. A. (2010) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-54 · Cited by 287
“the difference in effect between treatments A & B (dAB) is equal to the difference in effects between treatments A & C and B & C (dAB = dAC - dBC) [1-3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEfficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis
Baldwin, D. S., Woods, R., Lawson, R., & Taylor, D. M. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d1199 · Cited by 301
“For the analyses in WinBUGS, every sample consisted of 20 000 iterations with an initial burn-in period of 1000 iterations. The model framework, stratified by study, included univariate random effects to allow for apparent heterogeneity between studies in the treatment comparison effects. The probability of the outcom…”
MethodSun, F., Wu, S., Guo, S., Yu, K., Yang, Z., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Quan, X., Ji, L., & Zhan, S. (2015) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.07.015 · Cited by 304
“[21,42], especially when there are few trials for direct comparison between different antidiabetic drugs, such as comparisons between LIR1.”
BackgroundManagement of Chronic Prostatitis/ Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
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Assessing key assumptions of network meta‐analysis: a review of methods
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“…2012a; Tudur Smith et al., 2007)) (method H3); applying fixed-effect and random-effects pair-wise meta-analysis (method H4) (Ades et al., 2012; Caldwell et al., 2005; Caldwell et al., 2010; Caldwell et al., 2012; Dias et al., 2012; Dias et al., 2011a; Hoaglin et al., 2011; Jansen et al.,…”
MethodInfluentialRao, G., López-Jiménez, F. A., Boyd, J. H., D’Amico, F., Durant, N. H., Hlatky, M. A., Howard, G., Kirley, K., Masi, C. M., Powell‐Wiley, T. M., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000523 · Cited by 275
Management of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis.
Maund, E., Craig, D., Suekarran, S., Neilson, A. R., Wright, K. E., Brealey, S., Dennis, L., Goodchild, L. M., Hanchard, N. C. A., Rangan, A., et al. (2012) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta16110 · Cited by 268
Cochrane Reviews on the Benefits/Risks of Fluoride Toothpastes
Wong, M. C. M., Clarkson, J., Glenny, A., Lo, E. C. M., Marinho, V. C., Tsang, B. W., Walsh, T., & Worthington, H. V. (2011) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034510393346 · Cited by 277
Yuan, J., Zhang, R., Yang, Z., Lee, J., Liu, Y., Tian, J., Qin, X., Ren, Z., Ding, H., Chen, Q., et al. (2013) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.01.012 · Cited by 260
“Network meta-analysis, in the context of a systematic review, is a meta-analysis in which multiple treatments are compared using both direct comparisons of interventions within randomized controlled trials and indirect comparisons across trials based on a common comparator [13,14].”
MethodA meta-analytic review of the psychosocial adjustment of youth with inflammatory bowel disease
Greenley, R. N., Hommel, K. A., Nebel, J., Raboin, T., Li, S.-H., Simpson, P., & Mackner, L. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp120 · Cited by 259
Single dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane reviews
Moore, R. A., Derry, S., Aldington, D., & Wiffen, P. J. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008659.pub3 · Cited by 258
Imamura, M., Abrams, P., Bain, C., Buckley, B. S., Cardozo, L., Cody, J. D., Cook, J. A., Eustice, S., Glazener, C. M. A., Grant, A. M., et al. (2010) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta14400 · Cited by 260
Riley, R. D., Jackson, D., Salanti, G., Burke, D. L., Price, M. J., Kirkham, J. J., & White, I. R. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j3932 · Cited by 251
“A version of this dataset containing seven treatments was previously published in The BMJ by Caldwell et al, 13 and our investigations extend this work.”
Martinez, V., Beloeil, H., Marret, E., Fletcher, D., Ravaud, P., & Trinquart, L. (2016) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aew391 · Cited by 259
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With and Without Manipulation of the Ascending Aorta
Zhao, D. F., Edelman, J. J., Seco, M., Bannon, P. G., Wilson, M. K., Byrom, M. J., Thourani, V. H., Lamy, A. L., Taggart, D. P., Puskas, J. D., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.071 · Cited by 251
“Analyses were performed using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo modeling (11).”
MethodUndertaking network meta‐analyses
Chaimani, A., Caldwell, D. M., Li, T., Higgins, J. P. T., & Salanti, G. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119536604.ch11 · Cited by 290
Self-citationComparative Effectiveness of Injection Therapies in Lateral Epicondylitis
Krogh, T. P., Bartels, E. M., Ellingsen, T., Stengaard‐Pedersen, K., Buchbinder, R., Fredberg, U., Bliddal, H., & Christensen, R. (2012) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546512458237 · Cited by 239
“In conclusion, our systematic review and network metaanalysis found a paucity of evidence from unbiased trials on which to base treatment recommendations regarding injection therapies for LE.”
MethodInfluentialBurnett, H., Earley, A., Voors, A. A., Senni, M., McMurray, J. J. V., Deschaseaux, C., & Cope, S. (2017) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003529 · Cited by 238
Navarese, E. P., Tandjung, K., Claessen, B. E. P. M., Andreotti, F., Kowalewski, M., Kandzari, D. E., Kereiakes, D. J., Waksman, R., Mauri, L., Meredith, I. T., et al. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f6530 · Cited by 237
Cooper, N. J., Sutton, A. J., Morris, D. H., Ades, A. E., & Welton, N. J. (2009) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3594 · Cited by 238
“A standard mixed treatment random effects model with a binary outcome and no covariates can be specified as follows [2, 3, 5].”
MethodSelf-citationUterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis
Gallos, I. D., Williams, H., Price, M. J., Merriel, A., Gee, H., Lissauer, D. M., Moorthy, V., Tobı́as, A., Deeks, J. J., Widmer, M., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011689.pub2 · Cited by 237
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Exploring the Geometry of Treatment Networks
Salanti, G., Kavvoura, F. K., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-7-200804010-00011 · Cited by 236
“” We also searched Thompson ISI Web of Knowledge for studies that cited methodological articles on multiple treatments meta-analysis (1, 3, 4, 11).”
MethodMultivariate Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Ignoring Within-Study Correlation
Riley, R. D. (2009) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2008.00593.x · Cited by 235
Development of the summary of findings table for network meta-analysis
Yepes-Nuñez, J. J., Li, S.-A., Guyatt, G., Jack, S. M., Brozek, J. L., Beyene, J., Murad, M. H., Rochwerg, B., Mbuagbaw, L., Zhang, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.04.018 · Cited by 218
Zeng, C., Wei, J., Persson, M. S. M., Sarmanova, A., Doherty, M., Xie, D., Wang, Y., Li, X., Li, J., Long, H., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098043 · Cited by 230
Psychological interventions for resilience enhancement in adults
Helmreich, I., Kunzler, A., Chmitorz, A., König, J., Binder, H., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012527 · Cited by 223
Menzies, D., Benedetti, A., Paydar, A., Martin, I., Royce, S., Pai, M., Vernon, A. A., Lienhardt, C., & Burman, W. J. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000146 · Cited by 222
“This review had several limitations. First, we could identify few trials with direct head-to-head comparisons of rifampin duration, and even fewer directly comparing intermittent regimens. Hence, we had to pool results across studies; this increases potential confounding from differences in treatment, patients' diseas…”
Backgroundvan Walsem, A., Pandhi, S., Nixon, R. M., Guyot, P., Karabis, A., & Moore, R. A. (2015) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0554-0 · Cited by 224
“cacy, safety, and tolerability of commonly used tNSAIDs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen) and COXIBs (celecoxib and etoricoxib) in patients with pain caused by OA or RA by means of a Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) [23-25].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVeroniki, A. A., Straus, S. E., Fyraridis, A., & Tricco, A. C. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.02.016 · Cited by 221
Metadata
- Authors
- Caldwell, D. M., Ades, A. E., & Higgins, J. P. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- MRC Biostatistics Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Caldwell, Deborah M
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-10-13
- Volume
- 331
- Issue
- 7521
- Pages
- 897-900
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC1255806
- OpenAlex
- W1967385770
- Cited by
- 1,600
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 101 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 16.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Methemoglobinemia and Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Keywords
- rasburicase, allopurinol, hyperuricemia, lymphoma, pediatric oncology, direct and indirect evidence, treatment comparison
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Decision Making, Humans, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Bias, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine
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