Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Swedish women: prospective cohort study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To study the long term consequences of low carbohydrate diets, generally characterised by concomitant increases in protein intake, on cardiovascular health. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Uppsala, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: From a random population sample, 43,396 Swedish women, aged 30-49 years at baseline, completed an extensive dietary questionnaire and were followed-up for an average of 15.7 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Association of incident cardiovascular diseases (ascertained by linkage with nationwide registries), overall and by diagnostic category, with decreasing carbohydrate intake (in tenths), increasing protein intake (in tenths), and an additive combination of these variables (low carbohydrate-high protein score, from 2 to 20), adjusted for intake of energy, intake of saturated and unsaturated fat, and several non-dietary variables. RESULTS: A one tenth decrease in carbohydrate intake or increase in protein intake or a 2 unit increase in the low carbohydrate-high protein score were all statistically significantly associated with increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease overall (n=1270)--incidence rate ratio estimates 1.04 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.08), 1.04 (1.02 to 1.06), and 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08). No heterogeneity existed in the association of any of these scores with the five studied cardiovascular outcomes: ischaemic heart disease (n=703), ischaemic stroke (n=294), haemorrhagic stroke (n=70), subarachnoid haemorrhage (n=121), and peripheral arterial disease (n=82). CONCLUSIONS: Low carbohydrate-high protein diets, used on a regular basis and without consideration of the nature of carbohydrates or the source of proteins, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Prospective cohort studies have yielded conflicting findings on the link between low-carbohydrate dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease risk.
“Prospective cohort studies have produced conflicting results regarding the association between low-carbohydrate dietary patterns and risk for CVD (2, 3).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
The cardiovascular effects of low-carbohydrate diets are not well established.
“Low-carbohydrate diets have become a popular strategy for weight loss and weight management in recent years; however, their cardiovascular effects are unknown.”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods
Walker, E., Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., & Muller, K. E. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270375 · Cited by 8,538 · see citing works
Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population
Trichopoulou, A., Costacou, T., Bamia, C., & Trichopoulos, D. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa025039 · Cited by 4,397 · see citing works
Self-citationCirculating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk
Hill, J. M., Zalos, G., Halcox, J. P. J., Schenke, W. H., Waclawiw, M. A., Quyyumi, A. A., & Finkel, T. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022287 · Cited by 3,423 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity
Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., McGuckin, B. G., Brill, C., Mohammed, B. S., Szapary, P. O., Rader, D. J., Edman, J. S., & Klein, S. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022207 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Ogden, C. L., Yanovski, S. Z., Carroll, M. D., & Flegal, K. M. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.052 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity
Samaha, F. F., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Williams, T., Williams, M., Gracely, E. J., & Stern, L. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022637 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
McCullough, M. L., Feskanich, D., Stampfer, M. J., Giovannucci, E. L., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1261 · Cited by 1,191 · see citing works
In all likelihood : statistical modelling and inference using likelihood
Pawitan, Y. (2001) · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Pi-Sunyer, X. (2009) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2074 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Applying Cox Regression to Competing Risks
Lunn, M., & McNeil, D. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532940 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Time-to-Event Analysis of Longitudinal Follow-up of a Survey: Choice of the Time-scale
Korn, E. L., Graubard, B. I., & Midthune, D. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009034 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Pi-Sunyer, X. (2002) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/bf03342140 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods
Sharma, S., Kleinbaum, D. G., & Kupper, L. L. (1978) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150614 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods.
Iversen, G. R., Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., & Muller, K. E. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289682 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Implications of Total Energy Intake for Epidemiologic Analyses
Willett, W. C. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754038.003.0011 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Major Dietary Protein Sources and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Bernstein, A. M., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., & Willett, W. C. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.915165 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Systematic Review
Bravata, D. M., Sanders, L., Huang, J., Krumholz, H. M., Olkin, I., Gardner, C. D., & Bravata, D. M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1837 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Protein, weight management, and satiety
Paddon-Jones, D., Westman, E., Mattes, R. D., Wolfe, R. R., Astrup, A., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1558s · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate-Diet Score and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Halton, T. L., Willett, W. C., Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Albert, C. M., Rexrode, K., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa055317 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Noakes, M., Keogh, J. B., Foster, P. R., & Clifton, P. M. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1298 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?
Astrup, A. V., Larsen, T. M., & Harper, A. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16986-9 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate Diets and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality
Fung, T. T., van Dam, R. M., Hankinson, S. E., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
A prospective study of pigmentation, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in women
Veierod, M. B., Weiderpass, E., Thorn, M., Hansson, J., Lund, E., Armstrong, B., & Adami, H.-O. (2003) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djg075 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Self-citationImplications of Total Energy Intake for Epidemiologic Analyses
Willett, W. C. (1998) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.003.11 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Khani, B. R., Wolk, A., Ye, W., & Terry, P. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.6.1541 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Bessesen, D. H. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0520 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells, Vascular Function, and Cardiovascular Risk
Hill, J. M., Zalos, G., Halcox, J., Schenke, W. H., Waclawiw, M. A., Quyyumi, A. A., & Finkel, T. (2003) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000074096.62998.d7 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Wolk, A., Bergström, R., Hunter, D. J., Willett, W. C., Ljung, H., Holmberg, L., Bergkvist, L., Bruce, Å., & Adami, H. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.1.41 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationFitting Cox's Regression Model to Survival Data using GLIM
Whitehead, J. (1980) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.2307/2346901 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Low carbohydrate–high protein diet and mortality in a cohort of Swedish women
Λάγιου, Π., Sandin, S., Weiderpass, E., Lagiou, A., Mucci, L. A., Trichopoulos, D., & Adami, H. (2007) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01774.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-carbohydrate–high-protein diet and long-term survival in a general population cohort
Trichopoulou, A., Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ., Orfanos, P., Hsieh, C.-C., & Trichopoulos, D. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602557 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth Ramifications of the Obesity Epidemic
Li, Z., Bowerman, S., & Heber, D. (2005) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2005.04.006 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Vascular effects of a low-carbohydrate high-protein diet
Foo, S. Y., Heller, E. R., Wykrzykowska, J. J., Sullivan, C. J., Manning, J. J., Moore, K. J., Gerszten, R. E., & Rosenzweig, A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0907995106 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Sjögren, P., Becker, W., Warensjö, E., Olsson, E., Byberg, L., Gustafsson, I., Karlström, B., & Cederholm, T. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29345 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Red meat consumption and risk of stroke in Swedish men
Larsson, S. C., Virtamo, J. R. K., & Wolk, A. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.015115 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets revisited.
Volek, J. S., & Westman, E. C. (2002) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.69.11.849 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Can bioactive foods affect obesity?
Astrup, A. V., Kristensen, M., Gregersen, N. T., Belza, A., Lorenzen, J. K., Due, A., & Larsen, T. M. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05272.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in middle-aged men.
Preis, S. R., Stampfer, M. J., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29626 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Can Energy Adjustment Separate the Effects of Energy from Those of Specific Macronutrients?
Wacholder, S., Schatzkin, A. G., Freedman, L. S., Kipnis, V., Hartman, A. M., & Brown, C. (1994) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117333 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Swedish Women
Larsson, S. C., Virtamo, J. R. K., & Wolk, A. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.596510 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lack of association between dietary protein intake and risk of stroke among middle-aged men
Preis, S. R., Stampfer, M. J., Spiegelman, D. L., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28060 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Zyriax, B.-C., Boeing, H., & Windler, E. E. T. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602233 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: Two cohort studies
Fung, T. T., Van Dam, R. M., Hankinson, S. E., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2010) · National University of Singapore · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Low‐carbohydrate diets: a place in health promotion?
Willett, W. C. (2007) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01804.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Carbohydrates: how low can you go?
Steffen, L. M., & Nettleton, J. A. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68357-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [20]Bergstrom L, Kylberg E, Hagman U, Eriksson HB, Bruce A. The food composition database KOST: the National Food Administration’s information system for nutritive values of food. Var Foda 1991; 43: 439-47.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Solon-Biet, S. M., McMahon, A. C., Ballard, J. W. O., Ruohonen, K., Wu, L. E., Cogger, V. C., Warren, A., Huang, X., Pichaud, N., Melvin, R. G., et al. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.009 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Bueno, N. B., de Melo, I. S. V., de Oliveira, S. L., & da Rocha Ataide, T. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000548 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Song, M., Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Longo, V. D., Chan, A. T., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Augustin, L. S. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., Willett, W. C., Astrup, A., Barclay, A. W., Björck, I., Brand-Miller, J. C., Brighenti, F., Buyken, A. E., et al. (2015) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Mitohormesis: Promoting Health and Lifespan by Increased Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Ristow, M., & Schmeisser, K. (2014) · Dose-Response · doi:10.2203/dose-response.13-035.ristow · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Rojas, J., Chávez-Castillo, M., Olivar, L. C., Rojas, M., Morillo, J., Mejias, J. A., Calvo, M. C. C., & Bermúdez, V. (2014) · International Journal of Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1155/2014/719050 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial
Bazzano, L. A., Hu, T., Reynolds, K., Yao, L., Bunol, C., Liu, Y., Chen, C.-S., Klag, M. J., Whelton, P. K., & He, J. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0180 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Impact of Diet Composition on Blood Glucose Regulation
Russell, W. R., Baka, A., Björck, I., Delzenne, N., Gao, D., Griffiths, H. R., Hadjilucas, E., Juvonen, K., Lahtinen, S., Lansink, M., et al. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.792772 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Naude, C. E., Schoonees, A., Senekal, M., Young, T., Garner, P., & Volmink, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100652 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Protein and amino acid restriction, aging and disease: from yeast to humans
Mirzaei, H., Suarez, J. A., & Longo, V. D. (2014) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.002 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Noto, H., Goto, A., Tsujimoto, T., & Noda, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055030 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Whole Grain Intake and Mortality From All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer
Zong, G., Gao, A., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.021101 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The impact of low-protein high-carbohydrate diets on aging and lifespan
Le Couteur, D. G., Solon-Biet, S., Cogger, V. C., Mitchell, S. J., Senior, A., de Cabo, R., Raubenheimer, D., & Simpson, S. J. (2016) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-015-2120-y · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Dietary Protein to Carbohydrate Ratio and Caloric Restriction: Comparing Metabolic Outcomes in Mice
Solon-Biet, S. M., Mitchell, S. J., Coogan, S. C. P., Cogger, V. C., Gokarn, R., McMahon, A. C., Raubenheimer, D., de Cabo, R., Simpson, S. J., & Le Couteur, D. G. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.007 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
High-protein diets increase cardiovascular risk by activating macrophage mTOR to suppress mitophagy
Zhang, X., Sergin, I., Evans, T. D., Jeong, S.-J., Rodriguez-Velez, A., Kapoor, D., Chen, S., Song, E., Holloway, K. B., Crowley, J. R., et al. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0162-4 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Putting the Balance Back in Diet
Simpson, S. J., Couteur, D. G. L., & Raubenheimer, D. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.033 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Man, A. W. C., Li, H., & Xia, N. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/1496462 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Azlan, A., Sultana, S., Huei, C. S., & Razman, M. R. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27030898 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The Hidden Dangers of Fast and Processed Food
Fuhrman, J. (2018) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827618766483 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Dietary Restrictions and Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Brandhorst, S., & Longo, V. D. (2019) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.118.313352 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Epigenetic drift of H3K27me3 in aging links glycolysis to healthy longevity in Drosophila
Ma, Z., Wang, H., Cai, Y. A., Wang, H., Niu, K., Wu, X., Ma, H., Yang, Y., Tong, W., Liu, F., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.35368 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Bao, W., Bowers, K., Tobias, D. K., Olsen, S. F., Chavarro, J., Vaag, A., Kiely, M., & Zhang, C. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.082966 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Chen, Z., Glišić, M., Song, M., Aliahmad, H. A., Zhang, X., Moumdjian, A. C., González-Jaramillo, V., van der Schaft, N., Bramer, W. M., Ikram, M. A., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00607-6 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Clinical problems caused by obesity
Kyrou, I., Randeva, H. S., Barber, T., Tsigos, C., Kaltsas, G. A., & Weickert, M. O. (2022) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · doi:10.82444/warw.33841351 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Animal and Plant Protein Sources and Cardiometabolic Health
Mariotti, F. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy110 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Multifaceted Role of Nutrient Sensing and mTORC1 Signaling in Physiology and Aging
Fernandes, S., & Demetriades, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2021.707372 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate diets for overweight and obesity: A systematic review of the systematic reviews
Churuangsuk, C., Kherouf, M., Combet, E., & Lean, M. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12744 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Mao, Y., Weng, J., Xie, Q., Wu, L., Xuan, Y., Zhang, J., & Han, J. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17556-w · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis
Dong, T., Guo, M., Zhang, P., Sun, G., & Chen, B. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225348 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Influence of Dietary Protein Intake on Mammalian Tryptophan and Phenolic Metabolites
Poesen, R., Mutsaers, H. A. M., Windey, K., van den Broek, P. H., Verweij, V. G. M., Augustijns, P., Kuypers, D. R. J., Jansen, J., Evenepoel, P., Verbeke, K., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140820 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Genoni, A., Lyons‐Wall, P., Lo, J., & Devine, A. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8050314 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Retterstøl, K., Svendsen, M., Narverud, I., & Holven, K. B. (2018) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.013 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Pasiakos, S. M., Lieberman, H. R., & Fulgoni, V. L. I. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.205203 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Protein Quantity and Source, Fasting-Mimicking Diets, and Longevity
Brandhorst, S., & Longo, V. D. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz079 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Molecular Nutrition Research—The Modern Way Of Performing Nutritional Science
Norheim, F., Gjelstad, I., Hjorth, M., Vinknes, K., Langleite, T., Holen, T., Jensen, J., Dalen, K., Karlsen, A., Kielland, A., et al. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4121898 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Lifestyle as Medicine: The Case for a True Health Initiative
Katz, D. L., Frates, E. P., Bonnet, J. P., Gupta, S. K., Vartiainen, E. A., & CARMONA, R. H. (2017) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117117705949 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Feng, R., Du, S., Chen, Y., Zheng, S., Zhang, W., Na, G., Li, Y., & Sun, C. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep16919 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Long-term dietary protein intake and subjective cognitive decline in US men and women
Yeh, T., Yuan, C., Ascherio, A., ROSNER, B. A., Blacker, D., & Willett, W. C. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab236 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Nakamura, Y., Okuda, N., Okamura, T., Kadota, A., Miyagawa, N., Hayakawa, T., Kita, Y., Fujiyoshi, A., Nagai, M., Takashima, N., et al. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514001627 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Effects of 7 days on an ad libitum low-fat vegan diet: the McDougall Program cohort
McDougall, J., Thomas, L. E., McDougall, C., Moloney, G., Saul, B., Finnell, J. S., Richardson, K., & Petersen, K. M. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-99 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Qi, X., & Shen, P. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.03.008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of High-Protein Diets on Renal Function
Kamper, A., & Strandgaard, S. (2017) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034426 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Dysregulated cellular metabolism in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities
Stroope, C., Nettersheim, F. S., Coon, B. G., Finney, A. C., Schwartz, M. A., Ley, K. F., Rom, O., & Yurdagul, A. (2024) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-024-01015-w · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Rebello, S. A., Koh, H. W. L., Chen, C., Naidoo, N., Odegaard, A., Koh, W., Butler, L. M., Yuan, J., & van Dam, R. M. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.076273 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Association Between Macronutrients Intake and Depression in the United States and South Korea
Oh, J., Yun, K., Chae, J., & Kim, T.-S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00207 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Shared Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
Mohammadifard, N., Haghighatdoost, F., Rahimlou, M., Rodrigues, A., Gaskarei, M. A. K., Okhovat, P., de Oliveira, C., Silveira, É. A., & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173499 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Effects of Different Quantities and Qualities of Protein Intake in People with Diabetes Mellitus
Pfeiffer, A. F. H., Pedersen, E., Schwab, U., Risérus, U., Aas, A.-M., Uusitupa, M., Thanopoulou, A., Kendall, C., Sievenpiper, J. L., Kahleová, H., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020365 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Alternative Dietary Patterns for Americans: Low-Carbohydrate Diets
Volek, J. S., Phinney, S. D., Krauss, R. M., Johnson, R. J., Saslow, L. R., Gower, B., Yancy, W. S., King, J. C., Hecht, F. M., Teicholz, N., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103299 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Liu, J., & Lloyd, S. G. (2013) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.02.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Dietary Restriction and Nutrient Balance in Aging
Santos, J., Leitão-Correia, F., Sousa, M. J., & Leão, C. (2015) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/4010357 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Liu, S., Zhao, Z. J., Song, X., Qu, H., & Liu, H. (2021) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.029 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The conserved role of protein restriction in aging and disease
Mirzaei, H., Raynes, R., & Longo, V. D. (2015) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000239 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gosby, A. K., Lau, N. S., Tam, C. S., Iglesias, M. A., Morrison, C. D., Caterson, I. D., Brand-Miller, J., Conigrave, A. D., Raubenheimer, D., & Simpson, S. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
High-Protein Diets and Renal Health
Marckmann, P., Osther, P. J. S., Pedersen, A. N., & Jespersen, B. (2014) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2014.06.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Chalvon‐Demersay, T., Blachier, F., Tomé, D., & Blais, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2017.00005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Iwase, H., Tanaka, M., Kobayashi, Y., Wada, S., Kuwahata, M., Kido, Y., Hamaguchi, M., Asano, M., Yamazaki, M., Hasegawa, G., et al. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12326 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cohort Profile: The Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health cohort
Roswall, N., Sandin, S., Adami, H., & Weiderpass, E. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv089 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of dietary protein in blood pressure regulation
Teunissen-Beekman, K. F. M., & van Baak, M. A. (2012) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32835b4645 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Impact of Nutrition on Cardiovascular Function
Bianchi, V. E. (2018) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2018.08.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ax, E., Garmo, H., Grundmark, B., Bill‐Axelson, A., Holmberg, L., Becker, W., Zethelius, B., Cederholm, T., & Sjögren, P. (2013) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2014.851712 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Low‐Carbohydrate Diets and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Cohort Study
Zhang, S., Zhuang, X., Lin, X., Zhong, X., Zhou, H., Sun, X., Xiong, Z., Huang, Y., Fan, Y., Guo, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.011955 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Bouhairie, V. E., & McGill, J. B. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.38 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mitchell, S. M., Milan, A. M., Mitchell, C. J., Gillies, N. A., D’Souza, R. F., Zeng, N., Ramzan, F., Sharma, P., Knowles, S. O., Roy, N. C., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092207 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate Diet Score and Coronary Artery Calcium Progression
Gao, J., Hao, Q.-Y., Zhang, H., Li, X.-Z., Yuan, Z., Guo, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, S.-L., & Liu, P. (2020) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.120.314838 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kamada, Y., Takahashi, H., Shimizu, M., Kawaguchi, T., Sumida, Y., Fujii, H., Seko, Y., Fukunishi, S., Tokushige, K., Nakajima, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-021-01833-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Association between dietary patterns and cardiovascular diseases: A review
Lu, L., Jing, W., Qian, W., Fan, L., & Cheng, J. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102412 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dietary Interventions, Cardiovascular Aging, and Disease
Mirzaei, H., Biase, S. D., & Longo, V. D. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.307473 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kempf, K., Schloot, N. C., Gärtner, B., Keil, R., Schadewaldt, P., & Martin, S. (2013) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12145 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Liu, X., Zhang, G., Ye, X., Li, H., Chen, X., Tang, L., Feng, Y. J., Shai, I., Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., et al. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000640 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wróblewska, B., Juśkiewicz, J., Kroplewski, B., Jurgoński, A., Wasilewska, E. M., Złotkowska, D., & Markiewicz, L. H. (2018) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c7fo01204g · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ruocco, C., Ragni, M., Rossi, F., Carullo, P., Ghini, V., Piscitelli, F., Cutignano, A., Manzo, E., Ioris, R. M., Bontems, F., et al. (2020) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db20-0489 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hruby, A., & Jacques, P. F. (2018) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018001854 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Liu, X., Hu, Z., Xu, X., Li, Z., Chen, Y., & Dong, J. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.03.003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Liu, J., Wang, P., Zou, L., Qu, J. T., Litovsky, S. H., Umeda, P. K., Zhou, L., Chatham, J. C., Marsh, S. A., Dell’Italia, L. J., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00058.2014 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fad diets and their effect on urinary stone formation.
Nouvenne, A., Ticinesi, A., Morelli, I., Guida, L., Borghi, L., & Meschi, T. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.06.01 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nagata, C., Wada, K., Tamura, T., Kawachi, T., Konishi, K., Tsuji, M., & Nakamura, K. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.201293 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet score and risk of incident cancer; a prospective cohort study
Nilsson, L. M., Winkvist, A., Johansson, I., Lindahl, B., Hallmans, G., Lenner, P., & Guelpen, B. R. V. (2013) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-58 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Xu, H., Rossi, M., Campbell, K. L., Sencion, G. L., Ärnlöv, J., Cederholm, T., Sjögren, P., Risérus, U., Lindholm, B., & Carrero, J. J. (2016) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2016.02.016 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Periodontal disease and percentage of calories from fat using national data
Hamasaki, T., Kitamura, M., Kawashita, Y., Ando, Y., & Saito, T. (2016) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.12375 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Guidelines Updates in the Treatment of Obesity or Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension
Cerezo, C., Segura, J., Praga, M., & Ruilope, L. M. (2013) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0337-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate diet and the risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults
Ha, K., Joung, H., & Song, Y. (2018) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2018.06.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Jafari-Maram, S., Daneshzad, E., Brett, N. R., Bellissimo, N., & Azadbakht, L. (2019) · Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research · doi:10.15171/jcvtr.2019.36 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Stroke Burden
Ueno, Y., Miyamoto, N., Yamashiro, K., Tanaka, R., & Hattori, N. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20225549 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Caloric Restriction as a Strategy to Improve Vascular Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders
García‐Prieto, C. F., & Fernández‐Alfonso, M. S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8060370 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Churuangsuk, C., Lean, M. E. J., & Combet, E. (2020) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120000105 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Association of a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet With Plasma Lipid Levels and Cardiovascular Risk
Iatan, I., Huang, K., Vikulova, D. N., Ranjan, S., & Brunham, L. R. (2024) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.100924 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Low carbohydrate-high protein diets
Floegel, A., & Pischon, T. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e3801 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Behavioral Interventions for Antipsychotic Induced Appetite Changes
Werneke, U., Taylor, D. M., & Sanders, T. A. B. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0347-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Adegbola, A., Behrendt, C., Zyriax, B., Windler, E. E. T., & Kreutzburg, T. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Yang, Z., Li, M., Li, K., Deng, Y., & Tang, Z. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.106 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kostogrys, R. B., Franczyk‐Żarów, M., Kuś, E., & Topolska, K. (2015) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Antioxidant and anti-obesity properties of local chilies varieties in Malaysia
Huei, C. S., Azlan, A., Ismail, A., Shafie, N. H., & Sultana, S. (2020) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-020-04400-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lv, J.-L., Wu, Q., Li, X., Gao, C., Xu, M.-Z., Yang, J., Zang, S., Luan, J., Cai, D.-Z., Chang, Q., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.06.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sohouli, M. H., Mirmiran, P., Seraj, S. S., Kutbi, E., Alkahmous, H. A., Almuqayyid, F., Arafah, O. A., Barakeh, A. R. R., & Abu‐Zaid, A. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110068 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mantzouranis, E., Kakargia, E., Kakargias, F., Lazaros, G. A., & Tsioufis, K. P. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061372 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Modulation of the vascular endothelium functioning by dietary components, the role of epigenetics
Wojtala, M., Pirola, L., & Balcerczyk, A. (2016) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1306 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lim, C. G. Y., Tai, E. S., & van Dam, R. M. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab403 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
O’Connor, Á. (2012) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2012.01989.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chiba, M., Tsuda, S., Komatsu, M., Tozawa, H., & Takayama, Y. (2016) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/15-038 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Maleky, F., & Ahmadi, L. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d4ra08221d · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lagiou, P., Sandin, S., Lof, M., Trichopoulos, D., Adami, H.-O., & Weiderpass, E.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2012-06-26
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- jun26 3
- Pages
- e4026-e4026
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3383863
- OpenAlex
- W2120694326
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 17.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DiVA (Linkoping University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Cancerfonden
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- low-carbohydrate diet, high-protein diet, cardiovascular disease incidence, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, peripheral arterial disease, protein intake, carbohydrate intake, women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Dietary Proteins, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sweden, Time Factors, Incidence, Women's Health, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
