The Medical Risks of Obesity
Abstract
Obesity is at epidemic proportions in the United States and in other developed and developing countries. The prevalence of obesity is increasing not only in adults, but especially among children and adolescents. In the United States in 2003 to 2004, 17.1% of children and adolescents were overweight, and 32.2% of adults were obese. Obesity is a significant risk factor for and contributor to increased morbidity and mortality, most importantly from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes, but also from cancer and chronic diseases, including osteoarthritis, liver and kidney disease, sleep apnea, and depression. The prevalence of obesity has increased steadily over the past 5 decades, and obesity may have a significant impact on quality-adjusted life years. Obesity is also strongly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Despite the substantial effects of obesity, weight loss can result in a significant reduction in risk for the majority of these comorbid conditions. Those comorbidities most closely linked to obesity must be identified to increase awareness of potential adverse outcomes. This will allow health care professionals to identify and implement appropriate interventions to reduce patient risk and mortality. A systematic search strategy was used to identify published literature between 1995 and 2008 that reported data from prospective longitudinal studies of obesity and comorbid medical conditions. This article will review evidence for significant associations of obesity with comorbidities to provide information useful for optimal patient management.
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Women with obesity disproportionately face poorer health, poorer mental well-being, weight discrimination, and demotivated health behaviors.
“Women with obesity disproportionately face poorer health, 4 , 5 poorer mental well‐being, 6 weight discrimination, 7 and demotivated health behaviors. 8 , 9 , 10 , 11”
From Positive psychological well-being in women with obesity: A scoping review of qualitative and quantitative primary research (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Pi-Sunyer, X.
- Affiliations
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Venue
- Postgraduate Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-11-01
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 21-33
- ISSN
- 0032-5481 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-9260
- OpenAlex
- W4246830875
- Cited by
- 1,025
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 20.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Postgraduate Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK026687)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Keywords
- obesity, obesity-related comorbidities, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, osteoarthritis, liver disease, kidney disease, sleep apnea, depression, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, weight loss, childhood obesity, obesity prevalence, quality-adjusted life years
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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