Low-Carbohydrate-Diet Score and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets have been advocated for weight loss and to prevent obesity, but the long-term safety of these diets has not been determined. METHODS: We evaluated data on 82,802 women in the Nurses' Health Study who had completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Data from the questionnaire were used to calculate a low-carbohydrate-diet score, which was based on the percentage of energy as carbohydrate, fat, and protein (a higher score reflects a higher intake of fat and protein and a lower intake of carbohydrate). The association between the low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease was examined. RESULTS: During 20 years of follow-up, we documented 1994 new cases of coronary heart disease. After multivariate adjustment, the relative risk of coronary heart disease comparing highest and lowest deciles of the low-carbohydrate-diet score was 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 1.18; P for trend=0.19). The relative risk comparing highest and lowest deciles of a low-carbohydrate-diet score on the basis of the percentage of energy from carbohydrate, animal protein, and animal fat was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.74 to 1.19; P for trend=0.52), whereas the relative risk on the basis of the percentage of energy from intake of carbohydrates, vegetable protein, and vegetable fat was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.88; P for trend=0.002). A higher glycemic load was strongly associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (relative risk comparing highest and lowest deciles, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.15 to 3.15; P for trend=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that diets lower in carbohydrate and higher in protein and fat are not associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease in women. When vegetable sources of fat and protein are chosen, these diets may moderately reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Legumes inclusive of soy and dietary pulses are associated with reductions in incident CHD and CVD, with a dose-response gradient where ≥4 servings (100 g) per week is associated with a ~17-22% risk reduction.
“studies have shown that legumes inclusive of soy and dietary pulses are associated with reductions in incident CHD and CVD with evidence of a dose response gradient, where ≥4 servings (100 g) per week is associated with a ~17-22% risk reduction.[55][56][57]”
From Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
The Discussion (page unavailable) addresses vegetable protein and CHD risk, but says its association became nonsignificant after multivariate adjustment. Searches for legumes, soy, pulses, four servings or 100 g per week, and a 17–22% risk reduction found no passage assessing the claimed food-specific association or dose–response gradient. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cardiovascular effects of low-carbohydrate diets are not well established.
“Low-carbohydrate diets have become a popular strategy for weight loss and weight management in recent years; however, their cardiovascular effects are unknown.”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [2]
Prospective cohort studies have yielded conflicting findings on the link between low-carbohydrate dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease risk.
“Prospective cohort studies have produced conflicting results regarding the association between low-carbohydrate dietary patterns and risk for CVD (2, 3).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [2]
Consumption of non-hydrogenated vegetable oils appears superior to consumption of animal fats.
“Consumption of non-hydrogenated vegetable oils appears to be superior to consumption of animal fats (162).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [162]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Cox, D. R., & Oakes, D. (2018) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315137438 · Cited by 6,269 · see citing works
Willett, W. C. (1998) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001 · Cited by 4,541 · see citing works
Self-citationReproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire
WILLETT, W. C., SAMPSON, L., STAMPFER, M. J., ROSNER, B., BAIN, C., WITSCHI, J., HENNEKENS, C. H., & SPEIZER, F. E. (1985) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086 · Cited by 4,274 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiovascular Survey Methods.
Rose, G., & Blackburn, H. (1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-69-6-1335_2 · Cited by 3,065 · see citing works
Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.
Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa010492 · Cited by 2,901 · see citing works
Self-citationLudwig (2002) · doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2414 · Cited by 1,775 · see citing works
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199711203372102 · Cited by 1,774 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
Hu, F. B. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.20.2569 · Cited by 1,503 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, S., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Franz, M., Sampson, L., Hennekens, C. H., & Manson, J. E. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1455 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
Self-citationDiet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.
Hu, F., Manson, J., Stampfer, M., Colditz, G. A., Liu, S.-M., Solomon, C., & Willett, W. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006254-200203000-00018 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Self-citationHoward, B. V., Van Horn, L., Hsia, J., Manson, J. E., Stefanick, M. L., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Kuller, L. H., LaCroix, A. Z., Langer, R. D., Lasser, N. L., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.655 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity of Self-Reported Waist and Hip Circumferences in Men and Women
Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Chute, C. G., Litin, L. B., & Willett, W. C. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199011000-00009 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Self-citationNordmann, A. J., Nordmann, A., Briel, M., Keller, U., Yancy, W. S., Brehm, B. J., & Bucher, H. C. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.3.285 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
The Effects of High Protein Diets on Thermogenesis, Satiety and Weight Loss: A Critical Review
Halton, T. L., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719381 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Self-citationTEST OF THE NATIONAL DEATH INDEX
Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., DYSERT, D. C., LIPNICK, R. J., ROSNER, B. A., & Hennekens, C. H. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113804 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Self-citation(1998) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00690.x · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States
Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Spiegelman, D. L., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7049.84 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Guidelines for Healthy American Adults
Krauss, R. M., Deckelbaum, R. J., Ernst, N. D., Fisher, E. A. A., Howard, B. V., Knopp, R. H., Kotchen, T. A., Lichtenstein, A. H., McGill, H. C., Pearson, T. A., et al. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.7.1795 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Pietinen, P., Ascherio, A., Korhonen, P. A., Hartman, A. M., Willett, W. C., Albanes, D., & Virtamo, J. R. K. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009047 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Self-citationOomen, C. M., Ocké, M. C., Feskens, E. J. M., van Erp-Baart, M.-A. J., Kok, F. J., & Kromhout, D. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04166-0 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Diet and 20-Year Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease
Kushi, L. H., Lew, R., Stare, F. J., Ellison, R. C., el Lozy, M., Bourke, G. J., Daly, L., Graham, I., Hickey, N. J., Mulcahy, R., et al. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198503283121302 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Knight, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Hankinson, S. E., Spiegelman, D., & Curhan, G. C. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-6-200303180-00009 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
St. Jeor, S. T., Howard, B. V., Prewitt, T. E., Bovee, V., Bazzarre, T., Eckel, R. H., & for the AHA Nutrition Committee (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc4001.096152 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
TEN-YEAR INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN THE HONOLULU HEART PROGRAM
McGee, D., REED, D. M., Yano, K., Kagan, A., & TILLOTSON, J. L. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113788 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.70.2.221 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationPosition of The American Dietetic Association
Cummings, S. M., Goodrick, G. K., & Foreyt, J. P. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00024-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Diets
Stein, K. F. (2000) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00219-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Carbohydrate Addict's Diet: The Lifelong Solution to Yo-Yo Dieting
Heller, R. F., & Heller, R. F. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Stein K. High-protein, low-carbohy- drate diets: do they work? J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:760-1.
- Program: relationship to nutrient intake. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:667-76.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0024 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet
Uribarri, J., Woodruff, S., Goodman, S., Cai, W., Chen, X., Pyzik, R., Yong, A., Striker, G. E., & Vlassara, H. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Healthful and Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Adults
Satija, A., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Spiegelman, D., Chiuve, S. E., Manson, J. E., Willett, W., Rexrode, K. M., Rimm, E. B., & Hu, F. B. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.047 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Song, M., Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Longo, V. D., Chan, A. T., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Self-citationSaturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease
Siri-Tarino, P. W., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., & Krauss, R. M. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26285 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Self-citationMajor Dietary Protein Sources and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Bernstein, A. M., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., & Willett, W. C. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.915165 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Y., Hruby, A., Bernstein, A. M., Ley, S. H., Wang, D. D., Chiuve, S. E., Sampson, L., Rexrode, K. M., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.055 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citationAnand, S. S., Hawkes, C., de Souza, R. J., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Nugent, R., Zulyniak, M. A., Weis, T., Bernstein, A. M., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.050 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Self-citationWestman, E. C., Yancy, W. S., Mavropoulos, J. C., Marquart, M., & McDuffie, J. R. (2008) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-5-36 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
“In the Nurse's Health Study cohort study, low-glycemic load diets were found to be associated with lower cardiac risk over a 20 year period [ 10 ].”
BackgroundSalas-Salvadó, J., Fernández-Ballart, J., Ros, E., Martínez-González, M.-A., Fitó, M., Estruch, R., Corella, D., Fiol, M., Gómez-Gracia, E., Arós, F., et al. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.22.2449 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Hu, T., Mills, K. T., Yao, L., Demanelis, K., Eloustaz, M., Yancy, W. S., Kelly, T. N., He, J., & Bazzano, L. A. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws264 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Naghshi, S., Sadeghi, O., Willett, W. C., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2412 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial
Bazzano, L. A., Hu, T., Reynolds, K., Yao, L., Bunol, C., Liu, Y., Chen, C.-S., Klag, M. J., Whelton, P. K., & He, J. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0180 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Effects of a Low–Glycemic Load vs Low-Fat Diet in Obese Young Adults: A Randomized Trial
Ebbeling, C. B., Leidig, M. M., Feldman, H. A., Lovesky, M. M., & Ludwig, D. S. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.19.2092 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Plant Protein and Animal Proteins: Do They Differentially Affect Cardiovascular Disease Risk?
Richter, C. K., Skulas-Ray, A. C., Champagne, C. M., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2015) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.009654 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Lagiou, P., Sandin, S., Lof, M., Trichopoulos, D., Adami, H.-O., & Weiderpass, E. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e4026 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Chiavaroli, L., Nishi, S. K., Khan, T. A., Braunstein, C. R., Glenn, A. J., Mejia, S. B., Rahelić, D., Kahleová, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., Jenkins, D. J. A., et al. (2018) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.05.004 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Jones, P. J. H., Lamarche, B., Kendall, C. W. C., Faulkner, D., Cermakova, L., Gigleux, I., Ramprasath, V., de Souza, R., Ireland, C., et al. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1202 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Jakobsen, M. U., Dethlefsen, C., Joensen, A. M., Stegger, J., Tjønneland, A., Schmidt, E. B., & Overvad, K. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.29099 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Halton, T. L., Liu, S., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.2.339 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationSoy Protein Reduces Serum Cholesterol by Both Intrinsic and Food Displacement Mechanisms
Jenkins, D. J. A., Mirrahimi, A., Srichaikul, K., Berryman, C. E., Wang, L., Carleton, A., Abdulnour, S., Sievenpiper, J. L., Kendall, C. W. C., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2010) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.124958 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Association of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets with Mortality Among US Adults
Shan, Z., Guo, Y., Hu, F. B., Liu, L., & Qi, Q. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6980 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-protein diets increase cardiovascular risk by activating macrophage mTOR to suppress mitophagy
Zhang, X., Sergin, I., Evans, T. D., Jeong, S.-J., Rodriguez-Velez, A., Kapoor, D., Chen, S., Song, E., Holloway, K. B., Crowley, J. R., et al. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0162-4 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Soda consumption and the risk of stroke in men and women
Bernstein, A. M., de Koning, L., Flint, A. J., Rexrode, K. M., & Willett, W. C. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.030205 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationBao, J., Atkinson, F., Petocz, P., Willett, W. C., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005033 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationDickinson, S., Hancock, D. P., Petocz, P., Ceriello, A., & Brand-Miller, J. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1188 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Dong, J.-Y., Zhang, Z.-L., Wang, P.-Y., & Qin, L.-Q. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513002055 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Health effects of protein intake in healthy adults: a systematic literature review
Pedersen, A. N., Kondrup, J., & Børsheim, E. (2013) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21245 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Beulens, J. W. J., de Bruijne, L. M., Stolk, R. P., Peeters, P. H. M., Bots, M. L., Grobbee, D. E., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.068 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wong, J. M. W., Kendall, C. W. C., Esfahani, A., Ng, V. W. Y., Leong, T. C. K., Faulkner, D. A., Vidgen, E., Greaves, K. A., Paul, G., et al. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.115 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Mirrahimi, A., de Souza, R. J., Chiavaroli, L., Sievenpiper, J. L., Beyene, J., Hanley, A. J., Augustin, L. S. A., Kendall, C. W. C., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2012) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.112.000752 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Dietary Glycemic Index: Health Implications
Brand-Miller, J., McMillan-Price, J., Steinbeck, K., & Caterson, I. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10718110 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Risk factors for mortality in the Nurses’ Health Study: a competing risks analysis
Baer, H. J., Glynn, R. J., Hu, F. B., Hankinson, S. E., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M., & Rosner, B. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq368 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Estruch, R., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., Salas-Salvadó, J., Fitó, M., Chiva-Blanch, G., Fiol, M., Gómez-Gracia, E., Arós, F., Lapetra, J., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30074-9 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
RetractedFan, J., Song, Y., Wang, Y., Hui, R., & Zhang, W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052182 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Bao, W., Bowers, K., Tobias, D. K., Olsen, S. F., Chavarro, J., Vaag, A., Kiely, M., & Zhang, C. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.082966 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men
de Koning, L., Fung, T. T., Liao, X., Chiuve, S. E., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., Spiegelman, D., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004333 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationJenkins, D. J. A., Willett, W. C., Yusuf, S., Hu, F. B., Glenn, A. J., Liu, S., Mente, A., Miller, V., Bangdiwala, S. I., Gerstein, H. C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00344-3 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationThe low-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from epidemiologic studies
Hu, T., & Bazzano, L. A. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.12.008 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wong, J. M. W., Kendall, C. W. C., Esfahani, A., Ng, V. W. Y., Leong, T. C. K., Faulkner, D. A., Vidgen, E., Paul, G., Mukherjea, R., et al. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003505 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Levitan, E. B., Mittleman, M. A., Håkansson, N., & Wolk, A. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1521 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
High Protein Intake Associates with Cardiovascular Events but not with Loss of Renal Function
Halbesma, N., Bakker, S. J. L., Jansen, D. F., Stolk, R. P., De Zeeuw, D., De Jong, P. E., & Gansevoort, R. T. (2009) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2008060649 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Belardo, D., Michos, E. D., Blankstein, R., Blumenthal, R. S., Ferdinand, K. C., Hall, K., Klatt, K., Natajaran, P., Ostfeld, R. J., Reddy, K., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100323 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Chiavaroli, L., Wong, J. M. W., Kendall, C., Lewis, G. F., Vidgen, E., Connelly, P. W., Leiter, L. A., Josse, R. G., & Lamarche, B. (2010) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.092128 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Nanri, A., Mizoue, T., Kurotani, K., Goto, A., Oba, S., Noda, M., Sawada, N., Tsugane, S., & for the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Group (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118377 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Egg yolk consumption and carotid plaque
Spence, J. D., Jenkins, D. J. A., & Davignon, J. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.032 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Haring, B., Gronroos, N., Nettleton, J. A., Wyler von Ballmoos, M. C., Selvin, E., & Alonso, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109552 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
de Souza, R. J., Swain, J. F., Appel, L. J., & Sacks, F. M. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in middle-aged men.
Preis, S. R., Stampfer, M. J., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29626 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationLooman, M., Schoenaker, D. A. J. M., Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., Geelen, A., Feskens, E. J. M., & Mishra, G. D. (2018) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114518001277 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Haimoto, H., Iwata, M., Wakai, K., & Umegaki, H. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.09.009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ding, E. L., & Malik, V. S. (2008) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/1744-8603-4-4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Notably, a high-glycemic diet induces a consistently significantly stronger effect on the development of type 2 diabetes [35,75], coronary heart disease [ 38 ,39], and stroke [40], especially among those with greater adiposity (BMI > 23 or BMI > 25), (all 3 diseases: P for interaction < 0.05).”
InfluentialThe Effects of Different Quantities and Qualities of Protein Intake in People with Diabetes Mellitus
Pfeiffer, A. F. H., Pedersen, E., Schwab, U., Risérus, U., Aas, A.-M., Uusitupa, M., Thanopoulou, A., Kendall, C., Sievenpiper, J. L., Kahleová, H., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020365 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Alternative Dietary Patterns for Americans: Low-Carbohydrate Diets
Volek, J. S., Phinney, S. D., Krauss, R. M., Johnson, R. J., Saslow, L. R., Gower, B., Yancy, W. S., King, J. C., Hecht, F. M., Teicholz, N., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103299 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Low carbohydrate diet and all cause and cause-specific mortality
Akter, S., Mizoue, T., Nanri, A., Goto, A., Noda, M., Sawada, N., Yamaji, T., Iwasaki, M., Inoue, M., Tsugane, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.022 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Intakes of fruits, vegetables and carbohydrate and the risk of CVD
Joshipura, K. J., Hung, H.-C., Li, T. Y., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., & Willett, W. C. (2009) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980008002036 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of a dietary portfolio compared to a DASH-type diet on blood pressure
Jenkins, D. J. A., Jones, P. J., Frohlich, J., Lamarche, B., Ireland, C., Nishi, S. K., Srichaikul, K., Galange, P., Pellini, C., Faulkner, D., et al. (2015) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.08.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Yang, W., VoPham, T., Ma, Y., Simon, T. G., Gao, X., Chan, A. T., Meyerhardt, J. A., Giovannucci, E. L., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.31251 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Shan, R., Duan, W., Liu, L., Qi, J., Gao, J., Zhang, Y., Du, S., Han, T., Pang, X., Sun, C., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10010077 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Overall glycaemic index and glycaemic load of habitual diet and risk of heart disease
Grau, K., Tetens, I., Bjørnsbo, K. S., & Heitman, B. L. (2011) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001000176x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Noto, H., Goto, A., Tsujimoto, T., & Noda, M. (2016) · Journal of General and Family Medicine · doi:10.14442/jgfm.17.1_60 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Halton, T. L., Willett, W. C., Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Albert, C. M., Rexrode, K., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2006-11-09
- Volume
- 355
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 1991-2002
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W1974134773
- Cited by
- 519
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 21.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- General Mills
- National Institutes of Health (DK58845, CA 87969)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712, HL34594, R01HL034594)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-87969, P01CA087969)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845, P30DK040561)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- low-carbohydrate diet, coronary artery disease, women, dietary fat, dietary protein, vegetable fats, plant proteins, glycemic load, diet score, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Coronary Disease, Diet Surveys, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Lipids, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk, Vegetables, Proportional Hazards Models, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
