Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials
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STUDY QUESTION: Is methylphenidate beneficial or harmful for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents? METHODS: Electronic databases were searched up to February 2015 for parallel and crossover randomised clinical trials comparing methylphenidate with placebo or no intervention in children and adolescents with ADHD. Meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses (TSA) were conducted. Quality was assessed using GRADE. Teachers, parents, and observers rated ADHD symptoms and general behaviour. STUDY ANSWER AND LIMITATIONS: The analyses included 38 parallel group trials (n=5111, median treatment duration 49 days) and 147 crossover trials (n=7134, 14 days). The average age across all studies was 9.7 years. The analysis suggested a beneficial effect of methylphenidate on teacher rated symptoms in 19 parallel group trials (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.77, n=1698), corresponding to a mean difference of -9.6 points on the ADHD rating scale. There was no evidence that methylphenidate was associated with an increase in serious adverse events (risk ratio 0.98, nine trials, n=1532; TSA adjusted intervention effect RR 0.91). Methylphenidate was associated with an increased risk of non-serious adverse events (1.29, 21 trials, n=3132; TSA adjusted RR 1.29). Teacher rated general behaviour seemed to improve with methylphenidate (SMD -0.87, five trials, n=668) A change of 7 points on the child health questionnaire (CHQ) has been deemed a minimal clinically relevant difference. The change reported in a meta-analysis of three trials corresponds to a mean difference of 8.0 points on the CHQ (range 0-100 points), which suggests that methylphenidate may improve parent reported quality of life (SMD 0.61, three trials, n=514). 96.8% of trials were considered high risk of bias trials according to the Cochrane guidelines. All outcomes were assessed very low quality according to GRADE. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: The results suggest that among children and adolescents with a diagnosis of ADHD, methylphenidate may improve teacher reported symptoms of ADHD and general behaviour and parent reported quality of life. However, given the risk of bias in the included studies, and the very low quality of outcomes, the magnitude of the effects is uncertain. Methylphenidate is associated with an increased risk of non-serious but not serious adverse events. FUNDING, COMPETING INTERESTS, DATA SHARING: Region Zealand Research Foundation and Copenhagen Trial Unit. Competing interests are given in the full paper on bmj.com. Full data are available in the version of this review published in The Cochrane Library.
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Methylphenidate is the most common prescribed drug for treatment of ADHD and can improve cognitive function through a dopaminergic effect.
“The most common prescribed drug for treatment of ADHD is methylphenidate (MPH) and it is believed that it can improve cognitive function through a dopaminergic effect (Storebø et al. 2015).”
From <i>Crocus sativus</i> L. Versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Study (2019) · cites this paper as Storebø et al. 2015
The Introduction (page unavailable) calls methylphenidate globally the most common drug treatment for ADHD. The Results and Discussion report possible improvements in ADHD symptoms and general behaviour in children and adolescents, but do not establish improved cognitive function through a dopaminergic effect; searches for that mechanism found only related reference titles. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“Major questions and concerns remain, however, regarding the benefits and risks of ADHD medications (16, 19, 20).”
Alegria, A. A., Wulff, M., Brinson, H., Barker, G. J., Norman, L. J., Brandeis, D., Stahl, D., David, A. S., Taylor, E., Giampietro, V., et al. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23584 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“…control) groups is comparable to typical parent-rated effect size of 0.6 for stimulant medication based on recent meta-analyses [Punja et al., 2016; Storebo et al., 2015], while the effect size for the pre-FU contrast reached almost 1 in the active group but only half of the effect size for the…”
BackgroundInfluentialCoghill, D., Banaschewski, T., Soutullo, C. A., Cottingham, M. G., & Zuddas, A. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y · Cited by 130 · see citing works
van Lieshout, M., Luman, M., Twisk, J., van Ewijk, H., Groenman, A., Thissen, A. J. A. M., Faraone, S., Heslenfeld, D., Hartman, C., Hoekstra, P., et al. (2016) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0820-y · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“sleeping problems, decreased appetite) were evident [37, 38], indicating that, in line with our findings, the long-term effects of pharmacological treatment on functional outcomes of ADHD may need reconsideration [39].”
ResultHuss, M., Duhan, P., Gandhi, P., Chen, C.-W., Spannhuth, C., & Kumar, V. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s130444 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“69 As with treatment efficacy, the relationship between dose and AEs remains unclear.”
BackgroundTatlow‐Golden, M., Prihodová, L., Gavin, B. E., Cullen, W., & McNicholas, F. (2016) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-016-0516-x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Rucklidge, J. J., Eggleston, M. J. F., Johnstone, J. M., Darling, K. A., & Frampton, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12817 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Pharmacological treatments can reduce symptoms, but are often unsatisfactory due to side effects, failure to prevent or alter long-term course and discontinuance due to patient and family preferences (Storebø et al., 2015; Swanson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundVitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults
Bjelaković, G., Nikolova, D., Bjelaković, M., & Gluud, C. N. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011564.pub2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationBikic, A., Leckman, J., Christensen, T., Bilenberg, N., & Dalsgaard, S. (2018) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1151-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Storebø, O. J., Storm, M. R. O., Ribeiro, J. P., Skoog, M., Groth, C., Edemann-Callesen, H., Schaug, J. P., Rasmussen, P. D., Huus, C.-M. L., Zwi, M., et al. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009885.pub3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes methylphenidate improve academic performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kortekaas-Rijlaarsdam, A. F., Luman, M., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Oosterlaan, J. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1106-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“We found no effects of titration method (clinical titration prior to the trial or fixed dosages) which is also in line with findings from [61].”
ResultInfluentialSkott, E., Yang, L. L., Stiernborg, M., Söderström, Å., Rüegg, J., Schalling, M., Forsell, Y., Giacobini, M., & Lavebratt, C. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.056 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Most patients with ADHD are treated with pharmacological agents for long periods, a treatment directed only against symptoms and frequently associated with negative side effects (Storebø, 2015; Castells et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSocial and Economic Costs of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Across the Lifespan
Sciberras, E., Streatfeild, J., Ceccato, T., Pezzullo, L., Scott, J. G., Middeldorp, C. M., Hutchins, P., Paterson, R. S., Bellgrove, M. A., & Coghill, D. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720961828 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“While medication can reduce the symptoms of ADHD, the mental health and broader outcomes remain poorer than for individuals without ADHD (Fazel, 2015; Langberg & Becker 2012; Storebø et al., 2015).”
BackgroundChildress, A. C., Komolova, M., & Sallee, F. R. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2019.1675636 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“23), and that there is no evidence that MPH increases the risk of serious adverse events [136,137].”
BackgroundMan, K. K. C., Coghill, D., Chan, E. W., Lau, W. C. Y., Hollis, C., Liddle, E., Banaschewski, T., McCarthy, S., Neubert, A., Sayal, K., et al. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.216 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Emilsson, M., Gustafsson, P. A., Öhnström, G., & Marteinsdóttir, Í. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0919-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The finding of an association between adherence and experienced side effects is reasonable in the light of the high frequency of reported non-serious adverse events secondary to stimulant treatment [27], the high discontinuation rate due to adverse effects [56], and the reported relationship between experiences of adv…”
BackgroundSiebelink, N. M., Bögels, S. M., Speckens, A. E. M., Dammers, J. T., Wolfers, T., Buitelaar, J. K., & Greven, C. U. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13430 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Rationale for Dietary Antioxidant Treatment of ADHD
Verlaet, A. A. J., Maasakkers, C. M., Hermans, N., & Savelkoul, H. F. J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10040405 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“MPH is prescribed for chronic use to a large proportion of ADHD patients, but is linked to possible publication bias in reported efficacy.”
BackgroundInfluentialOh, S., Choi, J., Han, D. H., & Kim, E. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02174-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In a previous meta-study, medicine was evaluated because it significantly reduced hyperactivity [49].”
Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Methylphenidate
Wenthur, C. J. (2016) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00199 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Clinical and Experimental Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Neurofeedback in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis
Bussalb, A., Congedo, M., Barthélemy, Q., Ojeda, D., Acquaviva, E., Delorme, R., & Mayaud, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00035 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Buck, J. M., Sanders, K. N., Wageman, C., Knopik, V., Stitzel, J., & O’Neill, H. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Moreover, the therapeutic-like MPH-responsiveness observed in DNE mice is consistent with ADHD, since psychostimulants such as MPH exert therapeutic effects in ADHD patients (Franke et al., 2011; Castells et al., 2011; Baird et al., 2012; Storebø et al., 2015; Rezaei et al., 2016; Snitselaar et al., 2017).”
Holmskov, M., Storebø, O. J., Moreira-Maia, C. R., Ramstad, E., Magnusson, F. L., Krogh, H. B., Groth, C., Gillies, D., Zwi, M., Skoog, M., et al. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178187 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationCornu, C., Mercier, C., Ginhoux, T., Masson, S., Mouchet, J., Nony, P., Kassaï, B., Laudy, V., Berquin, P. C., Franc, N., et al. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-1058-z · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Growing out of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Insights from the ‘remitted’ brain
Sudre, G. P., Mangalmurti, A., & Shaw, P. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.010 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Psychostimulant medication has been most extensively studied and has clear efficacy (Chan et al., 2016; Storebø et al., 2015).”
Modafinil for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis
Wang, S., Han, C., Lee, S.-J., Jun, T., Patkar, A. A., Masand, P. S., & Pae, C. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.034 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Role of Circadian Rhythms in the Hypertension of Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome
Lemmer, B., & Oster, H. (2018) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0843-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Tsai, M.-H., Hsu, J., & Huang, Y. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0711-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
ADHD in children and youth: Part 2—Treatment
Feldman, M. E., Charach, A., & Bélanger, S. A. (2018) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxy113 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Baziar, S., Aqamolaei, A., Khadem, E., Mortazavi, S. H., Naderi, S., Sahebolzamani, E., Mortezaei, A., Jalilevand, S., Mohammadi, M.-R., Shahmirzadi, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0146 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The most common prescribed drug for treatment of ADHD is methylphenidate (MPH) and it is believed that it can improve cognitive function through a dopaminergic effect (Storebø et al. 2015).”
Neurocognitive, Autonomic, and Mood Effects of Adderall: A Pilot Study of Healthy College Students
Weyandt, L. L., White, T. L., Gudmundsdottir, B. G., Nitenson, A. Z., Rathkey, E. S., De Leon, K. A., & Bjorn, S. A. (2018) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy6030058 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“, amphetamine, methylphenidate) although questions remain regarding the magnitude of these effects given various methodological problems in the literature [10].”
BackgroundVitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults
Bjelaković, M., Nikolova, D., Bjelaković, G., & Gluud, C. N. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011564.pub3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication and seizures
Wiggs, K. K., Chang, Z., Quinn, P. D., Hur, K., Gibbons, R. D., Dunn, D., Brikell, I., Larsson, H., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005213 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Minder, F., Zuberer, A., Brandeis, D., & Drechsler, R. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1116-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool-Age Children
Tandon, M., & Pergjika, A. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This particular study found that it was underpowered to identify a difference in serious adverse events.(41)”
ADHD in childhood epilepsy: Clinical determinants of severity and of the response to methylphenidate
Rheims, S., Herbillon, V., Villeneuve, N., Auvin, S., Napuri, S., Cancès, C., Berquin, P. C., Castelneau, P., Tich, S. N. T., Villega, F., et al. (2016) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.13420 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pliszka, S. R., Wilens, T. E., Bostrom, S., Arnold, V. K., Marraffino, A., Cutler, A. J., López, F. A., DeSousa, N. J., Sallee, F. R., Incledon, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0084 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…(Whalen et al. 2006; Sallee 2015; Faraone et al. 2017), clinical trials of stimulant-treated children with ADHD have primarily focused on improving symptoms during the school day and after-school homework time (Faraone and Buitelaar 2010; Coghill et al. 2013; Maldonado 2013; Storebø et al. 2015).”
BackgroundHändel, M. N., Rohde, J., Rimestad, M. L., Bandak, E., Birkefoss, K., Tendal, B., Lemcke, S., & Callesen, H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041226 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Methylphenidate for ADHD in children and adolescents: throwing the baby out with the bathwater
Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Chui, C. S. L., Coghill, D., Cortese, S., Simonoff, E., & Wong, I. C. K. (2016) · Evidence Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2016-102461 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Non-diagnostic based approaches to helping children who could be labelled ADHD and their families
Timimi, S. B. (2017) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2017.1298270 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Reviews of pharmacotherapy studies note the inadequate reporting of drug trial methodology, publication bias, limited reliability of results, inadequate data regarding adverse events, and lack of evidence of long term benefit (e.g. Storebø et al., 2015).”
BackgroundYan, L.-X., Zhang, J., Yuan, Y., & Cortese, S. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012623 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Combined Modality Intervention for ADHD With Comorbid Reading Disorders: A Proof of Concept Study
Tannock, R., Frijters, J. C., Martinussen, R., White, E. J., Ickowicz, A., Benson, N. J., & Lovett, M. W. (2016) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219416678409 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…children and adolescents with ADHD (i.e., inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity), particularly in the classroom as reported by teachers, without an increase in serious side effects, at least in the short term (for recent meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, see Storebø et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFuru, K., Karlstad, Ø., Zoëga, H., Martikainen, J. E., Bahmanyar, S., Kieler, H., & Pottegård, A. (2016) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.12724 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Children’s ADHD Interventions and Parenting Stress: A Meta-Analysis
Theule, J., Cheung, K., & Aberdeen, K. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1137-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mulvihill, A., Carroll, A., Dux, P. E., & Matthews, N. L. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001670 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Methylphenidate is the drug most often prescribed to treat children with ADHD and is associated with improvements in teacher ratings of general behavior and ADHD symptoms (Storebø et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Use in Adolescents: The Patient's Perspective
Kosse, R. C., Bouvy, M. L., Philbert, D., de Vries, T. W., & Koster, E. S. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.027 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“However, the use of methylphenidate is also associated with adverse effects [8,9].”
BackgroundSchmid, J., Stadler, G., Dirk, J., Fiege, C., & Gawrilow, C. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716629214 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Is there a cluster of high theta-beta ratio patients in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Bussalb, A., Collin, S., Barthélemy, Q., Ojeda, D., Bioulac, S., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Brandeis, D., Purper‐Ouakil, D., Ros, T., & Mayaud, L. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.02.021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Verlaet, A. A. J., Ceulemans, B., Verhelst, H., West, D. V., Bruyne, T. D., Pieters, L. A. C., Savelkoul, H. F. J., & Hermans, N. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1879-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“A recent review reports adverse effects, like insomnia and decreased appetite, in about 25% of patients using MPH [8].”
BackgroundCoghill, D., Joseph, A., Sikirica, V., Kosinski, M. R., Bliss, C. A., & Huß, M. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717723984 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Khaksarian, M., Ahangari, N., Masjedi‐Arani, A., Mirr, I., Jafari, H., Kordian, S., Nooripour, R., & Hassanvandi, S. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.108390 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
McCarthy, S., Neubert, A., Man, K. K. C., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Carucci, S., Coghill, D., Danckaerts, M., Falissard, B., Garas, P., et al. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1884-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“A Cochrane review published in 2015 examined the literature on the beneficial and harmful effects of methylphenidate on children and adolescents with ADHD [14].”
BackgroundPelsser, L., Frankena, K., Toorman, J., & Rodrigues Pereira, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00096 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Wigal, S. B., Chappell, P. B., Palumbo, D. R., Lubaczewski, S. L., Ramaker, S., & Abbas, R. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2019.0116 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…patients, despite limited evidence to inform pharmacotherapy choices in this population (Pliszka 2007; Charach et al. 2013) compared with the large volume of evidence from trials conducted in school-aged children and adolescents (Otasowie et al. 2014; Storebo et al. 2015; Punja et al. 2016).”
BackgroundResultCervelló, X. C., Ramon, M., Cunill, R., Olivé, C., & Serrano, D. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720903372 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mykletun, A., Widding-Havneraas, T., Chaulagain, A., Lyhmann, I., Bjelland, I., Halmøy, A., Elwert, F., Butterworth, P., Markussen, S., Zachrisson, H., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041698 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Methylphenidate HCL for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents
Childress, A. C. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2016.1182986 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“77 between teacher ratings of MPH and placebo in parallel group trials.[55] Crossover trials showed a large treatment effect with the standardized mean difference”
BackgroundGerlach, M., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Rohde, L. A., & Romanos, M. (2017) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-017-0220-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pittenger, C., Brennan, B. P., Koran, L. M., Mathews, C. A., Nestadt, G., Pato, M. T., Phillips, K. A., Rodríguez, C. I., Simpson, H. B., Skapinakis, P., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113853 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Boesen, K., Saiz, L. C., Erviti, J., Storebø, O. J., Gluud, C. N., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Jørgensen, K. J. (2017) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebmed-2017-110716 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationBorn which Way? ADHD, Situational Self-Control, and Responsibility
Koi, P. (2020) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-020-09439-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Long-term methylphenidate intake in chronic fatigue syndrome
Blockmans, D., & Persoons, P. (2016) · Acta Clinica Belgica · doi:10.1080/17843286.2016.1200816 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lee, C., Chen, T., Gao, Q., Hua, C., Song, R., & Huang, X.-P. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01361-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The benefits of stimulant medications for attention problems in children with ADHD have been well-established [8–10].”
BackgroundMethylphenidate-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A case report and review of literature
Grover, S., Jhanda, S., & Singla, N. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences · doi:10.4103/1817-1745.199461 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“1 and a positive early response in approximately 70% of cases.[1] The most common side effects associated with methylphenidate are insomnia, headache, irritability, agitation, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.”
BackgroundInfluentialHypertonic Saline in Bronchiolitis and Type I Error: A Trial Sequential Analysis
Harrison, W. N., Angoulvant, F., House, S. A., Gajdos, V., & Ralston, S. L. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-1144 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mercier, C., Roche, S., Gaillard, S., Kassaï, B., Arzimanoglou, A. A., Herbillon, V., Roy, P., & Rheims, S. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.02.016 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Darling, K. A., Eggleston, M. J. F., Retallick-Brown, H., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2019.0036 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“However, long-term studies of medication for ADHD find that medications do not result in elimination of symptoms or improved academic performance (Advokat 2010; Currie et al. 2014; Storebø et al. 2015).”
Ramstad, E., Storebø, O. J., Gerner, T., Krogh, H. B., Holmskov, M., Magnusson, F. L., Maia, C. R. M., Skoog, M., Groth, C., Gillies, D. M., et al. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2018-003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationBanaschewski, T., Gerlach, M., Becker, K., Holtmann, M. H., Döpfner, M., & Romanos, M. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000433 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rosi, E., Grazioli, S., Villa, F. M., Mauri, M., Gazzola, E., Pozzi, M., Molteni, M., & Nobile, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061573 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The efficacy of stimulants and non-stimulants in reducing ADHD symptoms is well documented in children and adults [4,5].”
BackgroundRefining treatment choices for ADHD
Arnett, A. B., & Stein, M. A. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30295-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Influence of Drugs on Cognitive Functions
Juárez-Portilla, C., Molina-Jiménez, T., Morín, J.-P., Roldán-Roldán, G., & Zepeda, R. C. (2017) · Health and Academic Achievement · doi:10.5772/intechopen.71842 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“MPH (Ritalin©) is a psychostimulant approved for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) [106].”
BackgroundGrassi, G., Albani, G., Terenzi, F., Razzolini, L., & Ramat, S. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05237-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Methylphenidate acts by inhibiting both the dopamine and the norepinephrine transporters (DAT and NET, despite this latter with a slightly lower affinity) [52].”
BackgroundChu, L., Zhu, P., Ma, C., Pan, L., Shen, L., Wu, D., Wang, Y., & Yu, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.813305 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pazoki, B., Zandi, N., Assaf, Z., Moghaddam, H., Zeinoddini, A., Mohammadi, M., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2022) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2022.01.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Chang, X., Zhang, W., Yang, S., & Zhao, G. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231154897 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The most effective treatment for inattention is medication (Storebø et al., 2015), which may lead to less room for improvement in MBIs.”
BackgroundBehavioral, Neurochemical and Developmental Effects of Chronic Oral Methylphenidate: A Review
Senior, D., Ahmed, R., Arnavut, E., Carvalho, A. T. P., Lee, W. X., Blum, K., Komatsu, D. E., Hadjiargyrou, M., Badgaiyan, R. D., & Thanos, P. K. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13040574 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liang, Z. W., Ong, S. H., Xie, Y. H., Lim, C. G., & Fung, D. S. S. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Meppelink, R., de Bruin, E. I., Zoller, B. K., Oort, F. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02305-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Although medication for ADHD is widely used, it comes with disadvantages: severe side effects such as insomnia, loss of appetite, headache, anxiety, abdominal pain, and nervousness (e.g., Graham et al., 2011; Storebø et al., 2015).”
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Does Methylphenidate Work in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?
Ribeiro, J. P., Arthur, E. J., Gluud, C. N., Simonsen, E. H., & Storebø, O. J. (2021) · Pediatric Reports · doi:10.3390/pediatric13030050 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This viewpoint provides an overview of the evidence since the 2015 Cochrane review by Storebø and colleagues [6,7].”
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The Effects of Extended-Release Stimulant Medication on Sleep in Children with ADHD.
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“In fact, the most widely used drugs are psychostimulants, used mainly for childhood treatment of severe ADHD [50], even if the prescription of these therapies is widely extended to late adolescence and adulthood [51,52].”
BackgroundMethylphenidate use and school performance among primary school children: a descriptive study
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L’effet de la méthylphénidate sur l’appétit et le poids
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“Hundreds of randomized controlled trials demonstrate that MPH treatment is, in general, effective, safe, and well-tolerated [13,14].”
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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- Authors
- Storebø, O. J., Krogh, H. B., Ramstad, E., Moreira-Maia, C. R., Holmskov, M., Skoog, M., Nilausen, T. D., Magnusson, F. L., Zwi, M., Gillies, D., Rosendal, S., Groth, C., Rasmussen, K. B., Gauci, D., Kirubakaran, R., Forsbøl, B., Simonsen, E., & Gluud, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Region Zealand (DK)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Whittington Hospital (GB)
- Western Sydney Local Health District (AU)
- Capital Region of Denmark (DK)
- Herlev Hospital (DK)
- Ministry for Health (MT)
- Christian Medical College, Vellore (IN)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Storebø, Ole Jakob
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2015-11-25
- Volume
- 351
- Pages
- h5203
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4659414
- OpenAlex
- W2179260900
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Gentofte Hospital
- Syddansk Universitet
- Region Sjælland
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
- Keywords
- methylphenidate, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, adolescents, ADHD symptoms, quality of life, adverse events, stimulant medication, teacher ratings, parent ratings, trial sequential analysis, risk of bias, quality of evidence, minimal clinically important difference, Child Health Questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Drug Administration Schedule, Humans, Methylphenidate, Quality of Life, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Cross-Over Studies
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