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Mindfulness online: a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of a web-based mindfulness course and the impact on stress
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Stress has been shown to have a number of negative effects on health over time. Mindfulness interventions have been shown to decrease perceived stress but access to interventions is limited. Therefore, the effectiveness of an online mindfulness course for perceived stress was investigated. Design: A preliminary evaluation of an online mindfulness course. Participants: This sample consisted of 100 self-referrals to the online course. The average age of participants was 48 years and 74% were women. Interventions: The online programme consisted of modules taken from Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy and lasted for approximately 6 weeks. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) before the course, after the course and at 1-month follow-up. Completion of formal (eg, body scan, mindful movement) and informal (eg, mindful meal, noticing) mindfulness activities was self-reported each week. Results: Participation in the online mindfulness course significantly reduced perceived stress upon completion and remained stable at follow-up. The pre-post effect size was equivalent to levels found in other class-based mindfulness programmes. Furthermore, people who had higher PSS scores before the course reported engaging in significantly more mindfulness practice, which was in turn associated with greater decreases in PSS. Conclusions: Because perceived stress significantly decreased with such limited exposure to mindfulness, there are implications for the accessibility of mindfulness therapies online. Future research needs to evaluate other health outcomes for which face-to-face mindfulness therapies have been shown to help, such as anxiety and depressive symptoms.
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“Mindfulness has previously been associated with stress reduction and improved relaxation, among other benefits [16,58,59].”
From Web-Based Mindfulness Meditation as an Adjunct to Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation Study (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
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“While emerging evidence supports the feasibility of online self-help mindfulness training in non-clinical populations (Glück and Maercker, 2011; Krusche et al., 2012), there is a severe lack of research to support such interventions for those with clinical levels of depression and anxiety.”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Krusche et al., 2012
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Group mindfulness-based therapy significantly improves sexual desire in women
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“stress, but we did not find this in our preliminary investigation.(41) The study gives the opportunity to re-examine whether the amount of practice mediates degree of”
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“…for example, in terms of time frames of the interventions (e.g., Ding et al. 2014; Tang et al. 2014), delivery mode (e.g., Davis and Zautra 2013; Krusche et al. 2012; Thompson et al. 2010; Zautra et al. 2012), or populations and conditions that are being targeted (e.g., Reb et al. 2012; Zenner…”
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Mahmood, L., Hopthrow, T., & Randsley de Moura, G. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153923 · Cited by 75
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“(Boettcher et al. 2014; Davidson et al. 2003; Krusche et al. 2012), while others have reported significant correlations (Carmody and Baer 2008).”
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Chittaro, L., & Vianello, A. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.09.004 · Cited by 75
“In particular, some studies investigated the use of web pages, e.g. (Boggs et al., 2014; Krusche et al., 2013, 2012; Thompson et al., 2010), web-enabled smartphones, (Kristjánsdóttir et al., 2011; Ly et al., 2014; Nes et al., 2012) or smartphone apps (Ahtinen et al., 2013; Carissoli et al., 2015;…”
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de Camps Meschino, D., Philipp, D., Israel, A., & Vigod, S. (2016) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-015-0551-y · Cited by 56
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Loving‐Kindness Meditation Effects on Well‐Being and Altruism: A Mixed‐Methods Online RCT
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“In fact, emerging evidence suggests that technology-based mindfulness training interventions may be as effective as face-to-face mindfulness instruction (Krusche et al., 2012; Wolever et al., 2012; Hulsheger et al., 2015; Querstret et al., 2016).”
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“There are a few studies in non-clinical populations which show that internet-based mindfulness treatment resulted in an improvement of mindfulness skills and reduction of perceived distress (Cavanagh et al. 2013; Morledge et al. 2013; Krusche et al. 2012).”
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Terapias cognitivo-conductuales de tercera generación (TTG): la atención plena / mindfulness
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“Additionally, the lack of significant reduction in stress is surprising considering the well-documented positive effects of mindfulness and stress reappraisal training (Huebschmann & Sheets, 2020; Krusche et al., 2012; Mak et al., 2015).”
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“Krusche et al. (2012b) reported a significant decrease in subjects’ perceived stress as a result of participation in the intervention; however, given the aim of the work, data analysis relied on basic descriptive statistics and, most notably, did not examine how mindfulness exercise practice…”
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“A comprehensive summary of Be Mindful has been published (Krusche et al., 2012; Querstret et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPositive Technology for Helping People Cope with Stress
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Integrative perspectives on mindfulness, music and music therapy: A literature review
Hwang, M. H. (2021) · Approaches An Interdisciplinary Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.56883/aijmt.2023.90 · Cited by 11
“…is adapted to increase students’ ability to concentrate in class and also for people who have experienced a scattered or unsettled mind to stay calm (Baer, 2003, 2015; Carlson et al., 2007; Kang et al., 2009; Krusche et al., 2012; Paul et al., 2007; Vøllestad et al., 2011; Winbush et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe uptake and outcomes of an online self-help mindfulness programme during COVID-19
Li, I., Chen, A. Z., Newby, J. M., Kladnitski, N., Haskelberg, H., Millard, M., & Mahoney, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2045866 · Cited by 12
The Effectiveness of Internet-Based Mindfulness Interventions for Physical and Mental Illnesses
Krolikowski, A. (2013) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2013100106 · Cited by 12
Unresolved Issues in the Application of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Substance Use Disorders
Witkiewitz, K. A., & Black, D. S. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.852797 · Cited by 12
Lucas‐Thompson, R. G., Rayburn, S. R., Seiter, N. S., Broderick, P. C., Smyth, J. M., Coatsworth, J. D., & Henry, K. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.579556 · Cited by 9
Johansson, B., & Bjuhr, H. (2016) · International Journal of Social Science Studies · doi:10.11114/ijsss.v4i3.1389 · Cited by 8
Landry, C. A., McCall, H. C., Beahm, J. D., Titov, N., Dear, B., Carleton, R. N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/54132 · Cited by 6
“Mindfulness has previously been associated with stress reduction and improved relaxation, among other benefits [16,58,59].”
BackgroundMudiyanselage, C. A. K. R. A., Ewens, B. A., Smyth, A. M., Dickson, J. M., & Ang, S. G. M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02365-y · Cited by 7
“…in face-to-face modes (Kabat-Zinn, 1982; Segal et al., 2002), but are being increasingly delivered online via pre-recorded guidance (Bailey et al., 2018), or via online courses with synchronous mindfulness practice sessions (Bogosian et al., 2021; Cavalera et al., 2019; Krusche et al., 2012).”
Vertola, G., Marcello, A., Bottone, M., Sperandeo, R., Muzii, B., Scandurra, C., & Maldonato, N. M. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications · doi:10.1109/coginfocom55841.2022.10081617 · Cited by 7
Interest in online interprofessional elective mind-body skills (MBS) training
Gupta, S. J., Kemper, K. J., & Lynn, J. (2017) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.12.009 · Cited by 7
Beurskens, J., Waal, G. H., & Wanten, G. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.12.026 · Cited by 6
Landry, C. A., McCall, H. C., Beahm, J. D., Titov, N., Dear, B., Carleton, R. N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2023) · doi:10.2196/preprints.54132 · Cited by 6
Immersive VR as a Promising Technology for Computer-Supported Mindfulness
De Paolis, L. T., Arpaia, P., D’Errico, G., Gatto, C., Moccaldi, N., & Nuccetelli, F. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87595-4_12 · Cited by 5
Schaller, H., & Karing, C. (2024) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2024.0004 · Cited by 6
“Some authors assume that the presence of others (e.g., guided group context, other participants) is an important part of learning in the context of mental health issues (e.g., Kabat-Zinn, 1982; Karing, 2023; Krusche et al., 2012).”
Contextual assessment: evaluating a novel self-guided online therapeutic assessment
Levis, M., & Levis, A. J. (2020) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2020.1794010 · Cited by 5
“56%, a rate lower than related online studies (Krusche et al. 2012; Cavanagh et al. 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, X., Zhang, Y., Cheng, H., Dong, H., You, Y., Wu, Y., Yang, C., & Jing, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1339517 · Cited by 4
“Our research utilized a 4-week training program (26, 27), and there is ongoing debate regarding the optimal frequency of mindfulness training (28).”
MethodAlqahtani, F., & Orji, R. (2025) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/hbe2/8111089 · Cited by 14
Mind‐body therapies: an intervention to reduce work‐related stress in veterinary academia
Artemiou, E., Gilbert, G. E., Callanan, A., Marchi, S., & Bergfelt, D. R. (2018) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.104815 · Cited by 5
Programas de ordenador basados en mindfulness . Una revisión de la literatura médica
López-Montoyo, A., Modrego‐Alarcón, M., Morillo, H., García‐Campayo, J., & Quero, S. (2016) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2016.09.003 · Cited by 5
García-Medina, I. (. )., & Tur-Viñes, V. (. ). (2017) · Universidad de Alicante eBooks · doi:10.14198/medcom/2017/10_cmd · Cited by 7
Levis, M., & Levis, A. J. (2021) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2021.1970111 · Cited by 3
Self-Help Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Jones, F. W., Strauss, C., & Cavanagh, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29866-5_10 · Cited by 3
“Turning to the fi nal intervention considered in this chapter, the Be Mindful course is another online , self-help variant of MBCT [ 25 ].”
MethodVideo Conferencing for Mindfulness Programs: Benefits, Experiences, and Recommendations
Meissner, T. (2017) · International Journal of Whole Person Care · doi:10.26443/ijwpc.v4i2.126 · Cited by 3
Positive Technology for Helping People Cope with Stress
Villani, D., Cipresso, P., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2020) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3432-8.ch038 · Cited by 2
Manning, J. B., BLANDFORD, A. E., & Edbrooke-Childs, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/50457 · Cited by 3
“Stress management interventions have proliferated, motivated by challenges including therapy costs, accessibility, and unmet needs of employees [7-11] with over 1000 stress apps found in web-based stores [12].”
Loneliness, Mindfulness and Hope: Empowering Rehabilitation Processes
Margalit, M. (2018) · Examines in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.31031/epmr.2018.01.000517 · Cited by 2
“000517 Volume 1 - Issue - 4 was found when mindfulness instructions were delivered online [17].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Krusche, A., Cyhlarova, E., King, S., & Williams, J. M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Mental Health Foundation (GB)
- Wellmind Media Ltd, Brighton, UK
- Corresponding author
- Krusche, Adele
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e000803
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3358627
- OpenAlex
- W2135220831
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- mindfulness, perceived stress, mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, online intervention, feasibility, mindfulness practice, stress reduction
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