Web-Based Mindfulness Meditation as an Adjunct to Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation Study (Preprint)

Landry, Caeleigh A; McCall, Hugh C; Beahm, Janine D; Titov, Nickolai; Dear, Blake; Carleton, R Nicholas; Hadjistavropoulos, Heather D

doi:10.2196/preprints.54132

PreprintCited by 6Digital Mental Health InterventionsMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Web-Based Mindfulness Meditation as an Adjunct to Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation Study (Preprint)

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Landry, Caeleigh A, McCall, Hugh C, Beahm, Janine D, Titov, Nickolai, Dear, Blake, Carleton, R Nicholas, Hadjistavropoulos, Heather D·2023·JMIR Formative Research

DOI 10.2196/preprints.54132PMC PMC10865190

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Public safety personnel (PSP) are individuals who work to ensure the safety and security of communities (eg, correctional workers, firefighters, paramedics, and police officers). PSP have a high risk of developing mental disorders and face unique barriers to traditional mental health treatments. The PSP Wellbeing Course is a transdiagnostic, internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) course tailored to assist PSP with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The initial course outcomes are promising, but some clients report some challenges with learning skills and recommend adding additional resources. Mindfulness meditations, which help people to experience the world and their reactions to the world in open and nonjudgmental ways, may complement the existing PSP Wellbeing Course. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the feasibility of mindfulness meditations in iCBT tailored for PSP. Information was gathered to evaluate engagement and client experiences with mindfulness meditations, symptom change, and the relationship between mindfulness meditation use and symptom change. METHODS: A mixed methods study was conducted on PSP enrolled in the PSP Wellbeing Course who were offered 5 mindfulness meditations during the program (ie, 1/lesson). Clients completed questionnaires on depression, anxiety, PTSD, anger, insomnia, resilience, and mindfulness at pretreatment and at 8 weeks; an 8-week treatment satisfaction questionnaire; and brief weekly measures of mindfulness meditation engagement. We used paired sample t tests (2-tailed) to assess changes in outcomes over time and partial correlations to assess whether mindfulness meditation use predicted outcomes at posttreatment. A total of 12 clients were interviewed about their perceptions of the mindfulness meditations, and interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis. RESULTS: Among the 40 clients enrolled, 27 (68%) reported using the mindfulness meditations, practicing for an average of 4.8 (SD 8.1) minutes each week. Most interviewees described the mindfulness meditations as beneficial but also reported challenges, such as discomfort while sitting with their feelings. Clients provided suggestions for better integration of mindfulness into iCBT. Overall, clients who completed the PSP Wellbeing Course with mindfulness meditations experienced statistically significant improvements in symptoms of anxiety (P=.001), depression (P=.001), PTSD (P=.001), and anger (P=.001) but not insomnia (P=.02). Clients also experienced improvements in resilience (P=.01) and mindfulness (P=.001). Self-reported time spent meditating was not associated with changes in symptoms over time. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insight into the integration of mindfulness meditations with iCBT for PSP. It demonstrates the partial feasibility of adding mindfulness meditations to iCBT, revealing that some, but not all, PSP engaged with the meditations and reported benefits. PSP reported using the mindfulness meditations inconsistently and described challenges with the meditations. Improvements can be made to better integrate mindfulness meditation into iCBT, including offering mindfulness meditation as an optional resource, providing more psychoeducation on managing challenges, and offering shorter meditations.

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Sivell, P. L. (2025) · oURspace (University of Regina) · doi:10.82465/1147
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Demyen, S. A. (2024) · oURspace (University of Regina) · doi:10.82465/1118
Optimization of Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Canadian Leaders Within Public Safety: Qualitative Study
Price, J. A. B., McCall, H. C., Demyen, S. A., Spencer, S., Katz, B. M., Clairmont, A. P., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/72321
Self-citation
Suitability of therapist-guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for public safety personnel with subthreshold symptoms
Price, J. A. B., Sivell, P. L., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2026) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2026-0071
Self-citation

Authors: Landry, C. A., McCall, H. C., Beahm, J. D., Titov, N., Dear, B., Carleton, R. N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D.
Affiliations: University of Regina (CA)
Macquarie University (AU)
Corresponding author: Hadjistavropoulos, Heather D
ORCID: Landry, Caeleigh A
McCall, Hugh C
Beahm, Janine D
Titov, Nickolai
Dear, Blake
Carleton, R Nicholas
Hadjistavropoulos, Heather D
Venue: JMIR Formative Research
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Published: 2023-11-01
Volume: 8
Pages: e54132-e54132
ISSN: 2561-326X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2196/preprints.54132
PMC: PMC10865190
OpenAlex: W4391349199
Cited by: 6
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1
FWCI: 2.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: JMIR Formative Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
oURspace (University of Regina) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: University of Regina
Mental Health Research Canada
Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: mindfulness meditation, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, public safety personnel, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, anger, insomnia, resilience, treatment engagement, feasibility, transdiagnostic treatment, workplace mental health, police officers, firefighters, paramedics, prison staff, customer experience, treatment satisfaction, online intervention, symptom change

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Web-Based Mindfulness Meditation as an Adjunct to Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation Study (Preprint)

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