Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews
Abstract
Dear editor, We read with great interest the review entitled ‘Paracetamol vs other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review’,1 published in the Emergency Medicine Journal . Although the authors have stated that they followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, there is a methodological issue regarding the study discussed in this letter, which …
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The eligibility criteria were developed using the PICOS framework and adapted for the scoping purpose of this review.
“The eligibility criteria were developed using the PICOS framework and adapted for the scoping purpose of this review [19].”
From Digital health technologies in oncology services: A scoping review of clinical implementation, organisational evidence gaps, and policy implications (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“The inclusion criteria were determined according to the PICOS method (population, issue of interest, comparison, outcome and study design) (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020).”
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“The inclusion and exclusion criteria (see Table 1) were developed based on the PICOS (population, intervention, comparisons, outcomes, study) framework [34,35].”
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“In this systematic review, following the PRISMA (32) and PICOS (33) guidelines, we designed the study in four steps including: identification of initial manuscripts through search engine queries and subjective searches, screening of original articles upon availability of full text in English, eligibility with regard t…”
MethodInfluentialYouhasan, P., Chen, Y., Lyndon, M., & Henning, M. (2021) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-021-00555-w · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“This term was combined with a range of supplementary key words relevant to nursing education using a PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study) framework [19].”
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Huai, P., Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, L.-H., Liu, N., & Yang, H. (2024) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106189 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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“PICO (Population, Inter-vention, Comparison, Outcomes) [232], PICOS (PICO plus Study)[233],andSPIDER(Sample,PhenomenonofInterest, Design, Evaluation, Research type) [234] are long-standing, widely used templates in these domains.”
Asad, A., Kirk, M., Zhu, S., Dong, X. Z., & Gao, M. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae177 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rahman, M. N., Barua, N., Tin, M. C. F., Dharmaratne, P., Wong, S. H., & Ip, M. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2356279 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“18 This systematic review analyses the effect of two interventions, probiotics and prebiotics, in decolonizing pathogenic bacteria from the gut.”
BackgroundSaragih, I. D., Tarihoran, E., Lin, W.-T., & Lee, B.-O. (2024) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106145 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Outcomes of problem-based learning in nurse education: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Silva-José, C., Sánchez‐Polán, M., Barakat, R., Ares, J. G., & Refoyo, I. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154638 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“To address the main objective, study inclusion and exclusion criteria were structured using the PICOS framework (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, study design) as a worksheet [22] (Table 1).”
MethodYang, W., Liang, X., & Sit, C. H. P. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01312-1 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“The inclusion and exclusion criteria followed the PICOS framework, which included population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design [37].”
MethodSaragih, I. D., Tonapa, S. I., Saragih, I. S., & Lee, B.-O. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104181 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Ionizing Radiation Monitoring Technology at the Verge of Internet of Things
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“Problem: studies were selected with the focus on radiation monitoring sensors.”
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“Nocturia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A systematic review”
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“The PICOS framework (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020) was employed to identify eligibility and exclusion criteria.”
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“18 Studies were eligible if the patients were discharged from the hospital after TKR. (P), used telerehabilitation (I), included a control group receiving traditional in-person rehabilitation (C), reported any type of postoperative clinical, patient-reported or fi nancial outcome measures (O) and as…”
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“A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol [51] defined the aim, objectives, the ‘Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study design’ (PICOS) [3] framework, search terms, inclusion and exclusion criteria.”
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Franco, A., Ditonno, F., Manfredi, C., Pellegrino, A. A., Licari, L., Bologna, E., Feng, C. L., Antonelli, A., de Sio, M., de Nunzio, C., et al. (2024) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/s41391-024-00787-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Rafi’i, M. R., Hanif, S. A. M., & Daud, F. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12973-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The search strategy, as shown in Table 1, was based on the PICO framework [19]: 1) population: healthcare provider; 2) intervention: organizational culture; 3) comparator: nil; and 4) outcome: work satisfaction.”
Benton, M., Wittkowski, A., Edge, D., Reid, H., Quigley, T., Sheikh, Z., & Smith, D. M. (2024) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2024.103949 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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“To be included in this review, all studies were required to meet the following criteria (using PICOS/PECOS criteria [22]): (1) Participants: school-aged children and adolescents (mean age 5–18 years) who were attending a primary or secondary school, but not university or tertiary education.”
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Adwan, A. A. (2024) · International Journal of Data and Network Science · doi:10.5267/j.ijdns.2023.12.024 · Cited by 43
“This research aims to conduct a systematic review comparing similar studies concerning study design, participants, interventions, comparators, and outcomes (PICO framework) (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
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“The selection criteria were structured around PICOS structure [18, 19]:”
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“Additionally, in compliance with the previous assumptions, only 1 qualified article met the assumed PICOS [28] criteria, but it was already identified at the stage of data preparation.”
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Tonapa, S. I., Mulyadi, M., Ho, K., & Efendi, F. (2023) · European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.26355/eurrev_202301_31040 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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“The PICOS (patients, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design) tool was used to specify eligibility criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis (25, 26).”
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“The widely used PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study) framework [20,21] was used for the umbrella review.”
Li, C.-X., Thapa, D., Mi, Q., Gao, Y., & Fu, X. (2024) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01225-0 · Cited by 34
“The ‘Participant-Intervention-Comparator-Outcomes-Study design’ (PICOs) framework [19] was followed to formulate the following eligibility criteria:”
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“This approach ensured that our inclusion and exclusion criteria were well-defined and rigorous, allowing us to select publications that were most relevant to our research (see Table 1; [27]).”
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Ma, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhao, S., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331231178948 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The internationally accepted Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome-Study (PICOS) design principles were used for this study (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020) (Table 1).”
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“Inclusion and exclusion criteria Eligible studies met the criteria of the PICOS (participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design) [37].”
BackgroundSaragih, I. D., Everard, G. J., & Lee, B.-O. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101740 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Nowak, Z., Chęciński, M., Nitecka-Buchta, A., Bulanda, S., Ilczuk-Rypuła, D., Postek-Stefańska, L., & Baron, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189552 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In line with the PICOS acronym, positive (inclusion) and negative (exclusion) criteria were adopted.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhou, Y., & Chen, C. (2025) · Design and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.daai.2025.100017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gao, X., Yan, D., Zhang, Y., Ruan, X., Kang, T.-Y., Wang, R., Zheng, Q., Chen, S., & Zhai, J. (2024) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2024.103945 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Damiani, S., Donadeo, A., Bassetti, N., Salazar‐de‐Pablo, G., Guiot, C., Politi, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13338 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Haywood, D., Henneghan, A., Chan, A., Chan, R. J., Dhillon, H., Lustberg, M. B., Vardy, J. L., O'Connor, M., Elvidge, N., Dauer, E., et al. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09212-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The eligibility criteria followed the PICOS (Populations, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, Study Design) framework [30].”
Robotic arm use for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Lee, B.-O., Saragih, I. D., & Batubara, S. O. (2023) · Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.1002/kjm2.12679 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study setting/ design (PICOS) approach was used to define the eligibility criteria for relevant studies.(26) The inclusion criteria were (a) population: stroke patients (no restrictions on age, gender, onset of stroke symptoms, or stage of stroke); (b) interventio…”
MethodLi, C., Zhao, Y., Bai, Y., Zhao, B., Tola, Y. O., Chan, C. W. H., Zhang, M., & Fu, X. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70535 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The detailed inclusion criteria were formulated f o l l o w i n g t h e “Population-Intervention-Comparator-Outcomes-Study design” (PICOS) framework [30].”
Effectiveness of Escape Room in Medical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
He, Y., Chen, X.-M., Ma, H., Zhao, R., Zhou, H.-X., & Yang, Y.-N. (2024) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2023.0070 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Deng, N., Soh, K. G., Abdullah, B., Huang, D., Xu, F., Bashir, M., & Zhang, D. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61905-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Zhao, Y., & Wu, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2024.03.012 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Several studies [28,35,38,48,58] offered dietary advice and exercise prescriptions but needed to have targeted weight loss strategies.”
BackgroundMethodEost‐Telling, C., Yang, Y., Norman, G., Hall, A., Hanratty, B., Knapp, M. R. J., Robinson, L. A., & Todd, C. J. (2023) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afad238 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The inclusion criteria were guided by the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, Study design) framework [41, 42], (full details in Supplementary material S2).”
MethodThe Morphology of Impacted Maxillary Central Incisors: A Systematic Review
Mockutė, G., Klimaitė, G., & Smailienė, D. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58040462 · Cited by 30
“According to the Participants Intervention Comparison Outcome Study design (PICOS) schema [28], the review aimed to investigate human patients of any age, sex, ethnicity, or malocclusion with unilateral impaction of maxillary central incisors.”
MethodWan, K., Dai, Z., Wong, P., Huang, Y., Lei, E. F., Little, J. P., Lin, F., & Tam, B. T. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70114 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Islam, B., Ibrahim, T. I., Wang, T., Wu, M., & Qin, J. (2025) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.15.04049 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“We defined our inclusion and exclusion criteria per the PICOS framework [ 44 ] ( Table 1 ).”
Seid, A., Debebe, Z. Y., Ayelign, A., Abeje, M., Endris, B. S., Assefa, M., & Jemal, A. (2025) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.70012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Safia, A., Elhadi, U. A., Bader, R., Khater, A., Karam, M., Bishara, T., Massoud, S., Merchavy, S., & Farhat, R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13185652 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Martí, Y., Ribero, V. A., Batson, S., Mitchell, S., Gorni, K., Gusset, N., Oskoui, M., Servais, L., Deconinck, N., McGrattan, K. E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases · doi:10.3233/jnd-230248 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Eligibility criteria were determined based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) framework [28].”
MethodSu, Z., Cheshmehzangi, A., Bentley, B. L., McDonnell, D., Šegalo, S., Aḥmad, J., Chen, H., Terjesen, L. A., Lopez, E., Wagers, S. M., et al. (2022) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-022-02150-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Considering eligibility criteria, having a clear and concrete understanding of the population and the specific research problem will help identify components of the PICOS framework applied to this study: namely the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design [42].”
MethodCangelosi, G., Sacchini, F., Mancin, S., Petrelli, F., Amendola, A., Fappani, C., Sguanci, M., Palomares, S. M., Gravante, F., & Caggianelli, G. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13050460 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The search strategy was developed using the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design) [31], and was defined as follows: P, adults > 18 years; I, HPV vaccination programs in community settings; C, absence of adequate programs or presence of barriers; O, increased…”
Systematic Review of Quantitative Risk Quantification Methods in Construction Accidents
Kumi, L., Jeong, J., & Jeong, J. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14103306 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tuygunov, N., Khairunnisa, Z., Yahya, N., Aziz, A. A., Zakaria, M., Israilova, N., & Cahyanto, A. (2024) · Dental materials journal · doi:10.4012/dmj.2023-132 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Antibiotic Use in Dental Implant Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Torof, E., Morrissey, H., & Ball, P. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59040713 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gasparini, S., Balestrini, S., Saccaro, L. F., Bacci, G., Panichella, G., Montomoli, M., Cantalupo, G., Bigoni, S., Mancano, G., Pellacani, S., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.32099 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The search was designed following the Population, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) criteria (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
Systematic Literature Review of the Natural History of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Ribero, V. A., Martí, Y., Batson, S., Mitchell, S., Gorni, K., Gusset, N., Oskoui, M., Servais, L., & Sutherland, C. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207878 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The search was performed on May Eligibility criteria were based on the population, interventions, comparators, and outcomes framework 14 to identify relevant data (eTable 4, links.lww.com/WNL/D158).”
MethodIntra-operative applications of augmented reality in glioma surgery: a systematic review
Ragnhildstveit, A., Li, C., Zimmerman, M. H., Mamalakis, M., Curry, V. N., Holle, W., Baig, N., Uğuralp, A. K., Alkhani, L., Uğuralp, Z., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.1245851 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Leveraging the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) framework, study eligibility was evaluated in the qualitative synthesis.”
MethodInfluentialSaragih, I. D., Tonapa, S. I., Sun, T., Lin, C., & Lee, B. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15856 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Almasri, H., Zakuan, N., Amer, M., & Majid, M. R. (2021) · Studies of Applied Economics · doi:10.25115/eea.v39i4.4559 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wan Mohd Yunus, W. M. A., Matinolli, H.-M., Waris, O., Upadhyaya, S., Vuori, M., Korpilahti-Leino, T., Ristkari, T., Koffert, T., & Sourander, A. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/33337 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The inclusion and exclusion criteria used to screen the articles were based on PICOS (population, intervention, comparator, outcome, and study design) [38].”
MethodAl-Hammadi, M., Fleyeh, H. A., Åberg, A. C., Halvorsen, K., & Thomas, I. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231459 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Haftador, A. M., Tehranineshat, B., Keshtkaran, Z., & Mohebbi, Z. (2023) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_665_22 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The search was carried out within the framework of PICOS (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study).[25] “P” represented the students, “I” represented the effects of blended learning and its subcategories on critical thinking (and its subcategories) in students, “C” represented a comparison between the…”
MethodHowlett, N., García-Iglesias, J., Bontoft, C., Breslin, G., Bartington, S., Freethy, I., Huerga-Malillos, M., Jones, J., Lloyd, N., Marshall, T., et al. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109597 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Eligibility criteria for primary study inclusion were determined using the Population-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome-Study design criteria (PICOS; Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020).”
MethodDereje, D., Abessa, T. G., Lamba, D., Triccas, L. T., & Bonnechère, B. (2025) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-025-01603-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The study selection process done by using a predefined inclusion criteria based on the Population Intervention Comparison Outcome Study Design (PICOs) method [33].”
Sinurat, S., Karo, M. B., Simbolon, R., Saragih, I. D., Tarihoran, D. E. T. A. U., Sharma, S. D., & Chou, F. (2025) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2025.106661 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Motevalli, M. S. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1155/ijcp/9929300 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“It begins with the formulation of the research question and its general criteria, often structured according to the PICO framework (i.e., population, intervention, comparison, and outcome) [21].”
Effect of functional training on fundamental motor skills among children: A systematic review
Zhang, D., Soh, K. G., Chan, Y. M., Feng, X., Bashir, M., & Xiao, W. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39531 · Cited by 25
Evolution of Chatbots in Nursing Education: Narrative Review
Zhang, F., Liu, X., Wu, W., & Zhu, S. (2024) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/54987 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The eligibility criteria were devised in accordance with the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design) framework [24].”
MethodJohnson, E., Corrick, S., Isley, S., Vandermeer, B., Dolgoy, N., Bates, J., Godfrey, E., Soltys, C., Muir, C., Vohra, S., et al. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000435 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Articles retrieved during the searches were screened for relevance; those considered as potentially eligible were evaluated based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria outlined using PICOD [40].”
MethodScotti, K. L., Young, S. M. N., Gainey, M. A., & Lan, H. (2025) · Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods · doi:10.1002/cesm.70046 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“First, the research team formulates a research question using a framework such as PICO [18] and develops a protocol outlining the research plan.”
Pu, Y., Zhang, G., You, S., Gains, H., Huang, K., Jiao, Y., He, R., Han, B., Yang, H., Jia, Y., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105085 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Revolutionizing Bone Regeneration with Grinder-Based Dentin Biomaterial: A Systematic Review
Olchowy, A., Olchowy, C., Zawiślak, I., Matys, J., & Dobrzyński, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179583 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Does mental fatigue affect performance in racket sports? A systematic review
Ding, C., Soh, K. G., Sun, H., Roslan, S., Cao, S.-D., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00963-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Zheng, S., Li, S., Zeng, Y., Chen, L., Li, G., Li, S.-L., He, L.-L., Chen, S.-P., Zheng, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1074922 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The following eligibility requirements have to be satisfied for an original study to be taken into account in our meta-analysis in accordance with the PICOS recommendation (28).”
Wu, Z.-H., Tang, Y., Tang, M.-W., Wu, Z.-H., & Xu, Y. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-03886-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Eligibility was based on the PICOS framework [15].”
Lak, M., Shakiba, S., Dolatshahi, B., Saatchi, M., Shahrbaf, M., & Jafarpour, A. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.04.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zulauf-McCurdy, C. A., McManus, M. S., Golez, M., & Fettig, A. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241288114 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Prior to abstract screening, the authors met to discuss the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS; Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020) framework and to determine the criteria for abstract inclusion.”
Cortés-Pérez, I., Moreno-Montilla, L., Ibáñez-Vera, A. J., Díaz-Fernández, Á., Obrero-Gaitán, E., & Lomas-Vega, R. (2024) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155241253779 · Cited by 23
“The inclusion criteria followed the PICOS criteria 37 : (population) patients with plantar fasciitis; (intervention) extracorporeal shockwaves; (comparator) corticosteroids injections; (outcomes) pain, pain sensitivity, thickness of the plantar fascia and foot function; and (study design) parallel…”
The Role of Immersive Virtual Realities: Enhancing Science Learning in Higher Education
Tene, T., Guevara, M., Moreano, G., Vera, J., & Gomez, C. V. (2024) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2024-sied1-06 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“As stated, we employ the PICOS approach—a widely recognized research framework for shaping clear and targeted research inquiries in systematic reviews [24].”
Method
- Authors
- Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- Emergency Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-04-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 387-387
- ISSN
- 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-0205
- 1472-0213
- OpenAlex
- W3015126898
- Cited by
- 1,335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 408 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 13.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- eligibility criteria, systematic review methodology, research design, paracetamol, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Research Design
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