The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The brain-gut axis is a key regulator of normal intestinal physiology; for example, psychological stress is linked to altered gut barrier function, development of food allergies and changes in behaviour. Whether intestinal events, such as enteric bacterial infections and bacterial colonisation, exert a reciprocal effect on stress-associated behaviour is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of either acute enteric infection or absence of gut microbiota on behaviour, including anxiety and non-spatial memory formation. METHODS: Behaviour was assessed following infection with the non-invasive enteric pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium in both C57BL/6 mice and germ-free Swiss-Webster mice, in the presence or absence of acute water avoidance stress. Whether daily treatment with probiotics normalised behaviour was assessed, and potential mechanisms of action evaluated. RESULTS: No behavioural abnormalities were observed, either at the height of infection (10 days) or following bacterial clearance (30 days), in C rodentium-infected C57BL/6 mice. When infected mice were exposed to acute stress, however, memory dysfunction was apparent after infection (10 days and 30 days). Memory dysfunction was prevented by daily treatment of infected mice with probiotics. Memory was impaired in germ-free mice, with or without exposure to stress, in contrast to conventionally reared, control Swiss-Webster mice with an intact intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS: The intestinal microbiota influences the ability to form memory. Memory dysfunction occurs in infected mice exposed to acute stress, while in the germ-free setting memory is altered at baseline.
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“Firstly, studies in germ-free (GF) animals showed that the brain is affected in the absence of microbiota (see Table 2) (Clarke et al., 2013;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011;Hegstrand and Hine, 1986;Neufeld et al., 2011;Sudo et al., 2004).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition, these animals exhibit altered BDNF expression in the hippocampus (Bercik et al., 2011a;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011), which as stated earlier has an important role in synaptic plasticity and cognition (Baj et al., 2013;Lu et al., 2014;Neufeld et al., 2011), suggesting a crucial involvement of microbes in regulating hippocampal-dependent memory function.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition, these animals exhibit altered BDNF expression in the hippocampus (Bercik et al., 2011a;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011), which as stated earlier has an important role in synaptic plasticity and cognition (Baj et al., 2013;Lu et al., 2014;Neufeld et al., 2011), suggesting a crucial involvement of microbes in regulating hippocampal-dependent memory function.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that GF mice exhibit an impaired ability to remember a familiar object when presented with a novel object (Gareau et al., 2011;Luk et al., 2018), as well as impaired working memory in remembering a familiar environment in the spontaneous alternation task (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that GF mice exhibit an impaired ability to remember a familiar object when presented with a novel object (Gareau et al., 2011;Luk et al., 2018), as well as impaired working memory in remembering a familiar environment in the spontaneous alternation task (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Indeed, different Lactobacillus strains were capable of restoring deficits in object recognition memory induced by chronic restraint stress (Liang et al., 2015a), as well as preventing these deficits in GF mice (Gareau et al., 2011), in a mouse model of colitis (Emge et al., 2016), and in immunodeficient mice (Smith et al., 2014).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“BDNF expression as measured by immunohistochemistry was decreased in the CA1 hippocampal brain area in GF stressed mice compared to stressed controls (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“An increasing body of preclinical and human evidence demonstrates that the MGB axis plays important roles in the development and maintenance of various components of cognition (191, 362, 375).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“The introduction of pathogenic bacteria reduced cognitive abilities and heightened anxiety-like behaviors (362, 363).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“This deficit was prevented by daily administration of a Lactobacillus sp. probiotic combination before infection.”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Gareau et al. demonstrated impaired short-term recognition and working memory in 5 to 6-week-old germ-free mice when compared to conventionally reared counterparts (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Studies in germ-free mice have shown that, in the absence of microbes, the brain is markedly affected, exhibiting deficits in learning, memory formation and recognition, and social and emotional behaviors (58, 123, 124, 362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Germ-free mice present with social cognitive deficits, which may be associated with biochemical changes, such as decreased hippocampal BDNF and c-FOS expression, important in memory (124, 362, 376, 377).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Administration of C. rodentium, combined with acute stress, led to memory dysfunction in young adult germ-free mice (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“For example, Gareau et al. demonstrated a lack of memory in germ-free mice in the T-maze test and novel object test in situations with or without stress (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“These studies show that rodents lacking all gut bacteria from birth (germ-free animals) have memory deficits28 and behavioral abnormalities29, 30 when compared to animals with normal gut microbiota.”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, these cognitive deficits in rodents can be corrected through the colonization of the intestine via a fecal transplant from the control group, but only if it occurs early in life.”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
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Kirpichenka, A. A., & Kim, I. Y. (2017) · Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University · doi:10.22263/2312-4156.2017.2.26 · Cited by 9
“Установлено, что стадия колонизации кишечника микробиотой необходима для развития и созревания центральной и энтеральной нервных систем мышей; GF мыши более восприимчивы к инфекции; в ЖКТ GF животных выявлены следующие изменения: снижена активность и скорость выработки пищеварительных ферментов, мышечный слой полых ор…”
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“Few studies have addressed the BBB following enteric infections and malnutrition in young mice, although bacterial infections following acute stress have been associated with memory impairment (Gareau et al., 2011).”
BackgroundNeurocognitive Characteristics of Individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Multi-omic analysis of host-microbial interactions central to the gut-brain axis
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“Stress has resulted in memory dysfunction in germ-free rodents, attributed to altered brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression levels (Gareau et al., 2011).”
BackgroundYan, Q., Hao, S., Shi, F., Zou, Y., Song, X., Li, L., Li, Y., Guo, H., He, R., Zhao, L., et al. (2021) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107346 · Cited by 8
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“Interestingly, studies in mice have demonstrated beneficial effects of probiotics on brain function, mood and behaviour [6, 8], whilst studies in germ-free mice have established that altered behavioural responses could be normalised if normal gut microbiota was reconstituted early in life.”
BackgroundWang, J., Li, Q., Huang, Q., Lv, M., Li, P., Dai, J., Zhou, M., Xu, J., Zhang, F., & Gao, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.685019 · Cited by 8
“The intricate interplay of gut and brain is quickly and surely revealing its implications to many facets of human health, including stress-related neural diseases (Gilbert et al., 2018; Cryan et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019; Pennisi, 2020).”
BackgroundA Neuroscience Primer for Integrating Geroscience With the Neurobiology of Aging
Hernandez, C. M., Hernandez, A. R., Hoffman, J. M., King, P. H., McMahon, L. L., Buford, T. W., Carter, C. S., Bizon, J. L., & Burke, S. N. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab301 · Cited by 10
Hull, R., Lolas, G., Makrogkikas, S., Jensen, L. D., Syrigos, K. N., Evangelou, G., Padayachy, L. C., Egbor, C., Mehrotra, R., Makhafola, T. J., et al. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9102129 · Cited by 8
“Studies have shown that germ free (GF) animal models have altered cognitive function [34,35].”
BackgroundWhat could probiotic do for us?
Lee, Y. K. (2014) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2014.06.001 · Cited by 8
Ермоленко, Е. И., Abdurasulova, I. N., Котылева, М. П., Svirido, D. A., Matsulevich, A. V., Karaseva, A. B., Тарасова, Е. А., Sizov, V. V., & Suvorov, A. N. (2018) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-018-0591-7 · Cited by 8
Papalini, S., Michels, F., Kohn, N., Wegman, J., van Hemert, S., Karin Roelofs, A., Vásquez, A. A., & Aarts, E. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/263673 · Cited by 8
Microbiota and nutrition as risk and resiliency factors following prenatal alcohol exposure
Upreti, D., Rouzer, S. K., Bowring, A., Labbe, E., Kumar, R. P., Miranda, R. C., & Mahnke, A. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1182635 · Cited by 7
“org In a study examining the relationship between gut microbiota and memory formation, wild-type mice and germ-free mice were infected with pathogenic Citrobacter rodentium and cognitive performance was evaluated using the novel object recognition test and the T-maze in the presence or absence of acute stress (Gareau…”
MethodMicrobiome‐gut‐brain axis as a novel hotspot in depression
Ma, Y., Xu, P., Bai, Z., & Fang, J. (2024) · Brain‐X · doi:10.1002/brx2.43 · Cited by 9
Stress and the gut microbiota-brain axis
Hyder, N., & Raza, M. L. (2025) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.002 · Cited by 7
The gut microbiome and psycho-cognitive traits
Vernice, N. A., Shah, N. B., Lam, E. H., Herd, P., Reiss, A. B., & Kasselman, L. J. (2020) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.014 · Cited by 7
Interactions of tea polyphenols with intestinal microbiota and their effects on cerebral nerves
Zhang, Y., Cheng, L., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.13575 · Cited by 8
Citrobacter rodentium infection at the gut–brain axis interface
Martins, F. H., & Cuesta, S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2021.06.003 · Cited by 9
Sex‐dependent impact of microbiota status on cerebral μ‐opioid receptor density in fischer rats
Effah, F., Silva, N. K. D. G. T., Vijayanathan, K., Camarini, R., Joly, F., Taiwo, B., Rabot, S., Champeil‐Potokar, G., Bombail, V., & Bailey, A. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15666 · Cited by 8
ENVOLVIMENTO DA FLORA INTESTINAL NA MODULAÇÃO DE DOENÇAS PSIQUIÁTRICAS
Lach, G., Morais, L. H., Costa, A. P., & Hoeller, A. A. (2017) · VITTALLE - Revista de Ciências da Saúde · doi:10.14295/vittalle.v29i1.6413 · Cited by 12
“Por exemplo, a adição de carne magra à dieta dos camundongos alterou a flora intestinal e melhorou a performance destes animais em tarefas cognitivas (158), enquanto que infecção por Citrobacter rodentium prejudicou a função cognitiva, posteriormente restaurada pela ingestão de probióticos (118).”
BackgroundInfluentialVarankovich, N. V., Grigor'yan, A. A., Brown, K., Inglis, G. D., Uwiera, R. R. E., Nickerson, M. T., & Korber, D. R. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1139/cjm-2018-0166 · Cited by 7
Cuervo-Zanatta, D., Pérez-Grijalva, B., González-Magaña, E., Hernández-Acosta, J., Murugesan, S., García-Mena, J., & Perez‐Cruz, C. (2021) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819489-8.00019-3 · Cited by 7
Vitamin K2 protects against D-galactose induced ageing in mice
Chatterjee, K., Mazumder, P. M., & Banerjee, S. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177277 · Cited by 6
The clinical outcomes of gut-brain axis (GBA) microbiota influence on psychiatric disorders
Navidinia, M., Goudarzi, M., & Seyfi, E. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.18502/ijm.v15i1.11912 · Cited by 7
“Moreover the efficacy of targeting gut barrier in the management of neurological and behavioral aspects of CNS disorders has not yet been established, and needs further investigation (38).”
Zhou, L., Tang, L., Zhou, C., Wen, S. W., Krewski, D. R., & Xie, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1385229 · Cited by 8
Białoń, N., Górka, D. H. N. O. Z. D., & Górka, M. (2024) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2024019 · Cited by 8
“In addition, memory and learning difficulties appeared in these animals [48].”
BackgroundSex- and brain region-specific alterations in brain volume in germ-free mice
Thompson, S. L., Ellegood, J., Bowdish, D. M. E., Lerch, J. P., & Foster, J. A. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111429 · Cited by 6
Unique Features of the Gut Microbiome Characterized in Animal Models of Angelman Syndrome
Beitnere, U., Vilanova-Cuevas, B., Christian, S., Taylor, C., Berg, E. L., Copping, N. A., Dindot, S. V., Silverman, J. L., Gareau, M. G., & Segal, D. J. (2023) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00608-22 · Cited by 7
“Studies using germfree (GF) mice have identified multiple behavioral impairments, including cognitive deficits (8) and anxiolytic behaviors (9), compared to colonized controls, supporting a role for gut microbes in maintaining these behaviors.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Interplay Between the Gut Microbiome and Neurological Disorders: Exploring the Gut-Brain Axis
Pang, S., Wen-Yi, J., & Zi, W. (2023) · Neurology Letters · doi:10.52547/nl.2.1.25 · Cited by 8
Advances in Causes and Treatment of Autism
XiaoLi, W. U., Jin, F., & Duan, Y. (2015) · Scientia Sinica Vitae · doi:10.1360/n052015-0108 · Cited by 5
Microbiotic Factor, Health and Stress-Induced Mental Disorders
Mikhaylova, A. P., Chenchenko, D. V., & Shtrakhova, A. V. (2018) · Вестник Южно-Уральского государственного университета. Серия: Психология · doi:10.14529/psy180107 · Cited by 6
Probiyotik ve Prebiyotiklerin Bağırsak-Beyin Aksına Etkisi
Özer, M., Özyurt, G., & Harsa, Ş. (2019) · Akademik Gıda · doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.613637 · Cited by 7
Mathis, S., Bodduluri, S. R., & Haribabu, B. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158982 · Cited by 6
Probiotic Mechanism to Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA)
Samtiya, M., Dhewa, T., & Puniya, A. K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1626-6_10 · Cited by 6
Li, Z., Liao, Y., Zhou, Q. S., Qu, Q., Sheng, M., Lv, L., Yang, J., Shi, Y., & Shi, X. (2022) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-022-00266-6 · Cited by 7
“Bifidobacterium infantis Rat and mouse Reduce the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and the level of tryptophan metabolism in plasma, reduce inflammation, and improve physiological and cognitive abnormalities (Desbonnet et al., 2008, 2010; Gareau et al., 2011)”
BackgroundAziz, N. A., Berkiks, I., Mosala, P., Brombacher, T. M., & Brombacher, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139913 · Cited by 6
“The test is based on the natural aversion and preference of mice to react to brightly illuminated areas and on their spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments (19).”
BackgroundSleep, Cognitive and Mood Symptoms in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Wallis, A., Jackson, M. L., Ball, M., Lewis, D. P., & Bruck, D. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118993811.ch31 · Cited by 7
Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer Disease
Huarcaya, L. R. D. (2025) · Acta Neurologica Taiwanica · doi:10.4103/ant.ant_113_0046 · Cited by 5
Gut Microbiota and Interorgan Communication Among the Gut, Brain, and Beyond
Shigehara, A., Kiyohara, H., Teratani, T., Nakamoto, N., Mikami, Y., & Kanai, T. (2025) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.5318-25 · Cited by 5
“The intestinal microbiota is known to influence the ability to form memory formation (112).”
Bidgoli, F. A., Talaei, S. A., Tameh, A. A., & Salami, M. (2025) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100736 · Cited by 5
“A combination of probiotics has been shown to improve rodents ’ stress-induced colon dysfunction and prevent acute stress-induced cognitive deficits in mice (Gareau et al., 2011).”
Zhang, J., He, Z., Liu, L., Li, H., Wang, T., Zhu, X., Wang, Y., Zhu, D., Ning, Y., & Xu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2023.1090294 · Cited by 5
“Still, although O157 infection, just like Citrobacter rodentium (Gareau et al., 2011), damaged spatial memory, it could not be excluded that other bacteria, susceptible to probiotic intervention, also contributed to the consequent CNS functioning.”
BackgroundFeng, H., Hu, X., Lin, Y., Xiao, J., Dai, C., Hu, Z., Feng, H., Qin, J., & Chen, L. (2024) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01832-5 · Cited by 5
“One week before Citrobacter rodentium infection, probiotic intervention effectively prevented stress-induced impairment in cognitive behavior [11].”
BackgroundUnraveling Alzheimer’s: Exploring the Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis as a New Frontier in Understanding
Rashid, S. M., Razak, R., Tantray, A. K., James, A. W., Showkat, N., Shehjar, F., Jan, F., Ahmad, S. B., Khan, A., & Shah, Z. A. (2024) · Journal of dementia and Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.3390/jdad1010003 · Cited by 5
“The GF mice displayed abnormalities in the object recognition test, a non-spatial task, and had decreased CNS neurotropic factor levels in their hippocampi [40].”
BackgroundLi, Y., Dai, J., Wang, M., Yan, C., Xiu, M., & Qu, M. (2025) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2025.2529238 · Cited by 7
“the gut microbiota is involved in stress regulation by modulating hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (hPa) axis activity [48]. the disruption or absence of the gut microbiota structure can enhance the neuroendocrine stress response, induce anxiety-like behaviors, and impair memory function [49,50].”
Gut Microbiota and Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Disorders
Hur, H. J., & Park, H. Y. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0120-1_23 · Cited by 6
Zhu, Y., Mei, Y., Baby, N., Teo, H. Y., Hanafi, Z. B., Salleh, S. N. M., Sajikumar, S., & Liu, H. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05036-1 · Cited by 5
“For instance, germ-free mice exhibited absence of non-spatial or working memory in response to exposure to either novel object or T-maze 15 .”
Memory Reflections of the Microbiota-Gut and Oligodendrocyte Axis
Ray, S. K., & Mukherjee, S. (2023) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273256132230921103333 · Cited by 6
Chaiyasut, C., & Sivamaruthi, B. S. (2018) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.79511 · Cited by 5
“But recent studies suggested that the supplementation of probiotic-containing traditional functional foods improved the mental health and cognitive function of the host [2, 3].”
BackgroundFunctional Beverages in Health Promotion, Sport, and Disease Prevention: An Overview
Nicoleta Maftei, A. R. O. N. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815851-7.00009-7 · Cited by 6
Sharma, V., & Kaur, S. (2020) · The Open Microbiology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874285802014010018 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Gareau, M. G., Wine, E., Rodrigues, D. M., Cho, J. H., Whary, M. T., Philpott, D. J., MacQueen, G., & Sherman, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sherman, Philip M
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2010-10-21
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-317
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- OpenAlex
- W2170856053
- Cited by
- 909
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- enteric bacterial infection, Citrobacter rodentium, gut microbiota, germ-free mice, non-spatial memory, anxiety, water avoidance stress, probiotics, gut-brain axis, acute stress
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Colon, Corticosterone, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Feces, Female, Germ-Free Life, Hippocampus, Hyperplasia, Memory Disorders, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Inflammation Mediators, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Probiotics, Citrobacter rodentium, Mice
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