The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The brain-gut axis is a key regulator of normal intestinal physiology; for example, psychological stress is linked to altered gut barrier function, development of food allergies and changes in behaviour. Whether intestinal events, such as enteric bacterial infections and bacterial colonisation, exert a reciprocal effect on stress-associated behaviour is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of either acute enteric infection or absence of gut microbiota on behaviour, including anxiety and non-spatial memory formation. METHODS: Behaviour was assessed following infection with the non-invasive enteric pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium in both C57BL/6 mice and germ-free Swiss-Webster mice, in the presence or absence of acute water avoidance stress. Whether daily treatment with probiotics normalised behaviour was assessed, and potential mechanisms of action evaluated. RESULTS: No behavioural abnormalities were observed, either at the height of infection (10 days) or following bacterial clearance (30 days), in C rodentium-infected C57BL/6 mice. When infected mice were exposed to acute stress, however, memory dysfunction was apparent after infection (10 days and 30 days). Memory dysfunction was prevented by daily treatment of infected mice with probiotics. Memory was impaired in germ-free mice, with or without exposure to stress, in contrast to conventionally reared, control Swiss-Webster mice with an intact intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS: The intestinal microbiota influences the ability to form memory. Memory dysfunction occurs in infected mice exposed to acute stress, while in the germ-free setting memory is altered at baseline.
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“Firstly, studies in germ-free (GF) animals showed that the brain is affected in the absence of microbiota (see Table 2) (Clarke et al., 2013;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011;Hegstrand and Hine, 1986;Neufeld et al., 2011;Sudo et al., 2004).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition, these animals exhibit altered BDNF expression in the hippocampus (Bercik et al., 2011a;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011), which as stated earlier has an important role in synaptic plasticity and cognition (Baj et al., 2013;Lu et al., 2014;Neufeld et al., 2011), suggesting a crucial involvement of microbes in regulating hippocampal-dependent memory function.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition, these animals exhibit altered BDNF expression in the hippocampus (Bercik et al., 2011a;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011), which as stated earlier has an important role in synaptic plasticity and cognition (Baj et al., 2013;Lu et al., 2014;Neufeld et al., 2011), suggesting a crucial involvement of microbes in regulating hippocampal-dependent memory function.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that GF mice exhibit an impaired ability to remember a familiar object when presented with a novel object (Gareau et al., 2011;Luk et al., 2018), as well as impaired working memory in remembering a familiar environment in the spontaneous alternation task (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that GF mice exhibit an impaired ability to remember a familiar object when presented with a novel object (Gareau et al., 2011;Luk et al., 2018), as well as impaired working memory in remembering a familiar environment in the spontaneous alternation task (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Indeed, different Lactobacillus strains were capable of restoring deficits in object recognition memory induced by chronic restraint stress (Liang et al., 2015a), as well as preventing these deficits in GF mice (Gareau et al., 2011), in a mouse model of colitis (Emge et al., 2016), and in immunodeficient mice (Smith et al., 2014).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“BDNF expression as measured by immunohistochemistry was decreased in the CA1 hippocampal brain area in GF stressed mice compared to stressed controls (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“An increasing body of preclinical and human evidence demonstrates that the MGB axis plays important roles in the development and maintenance of various components of cognition (191, 362, 375).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“The introduction of pathogenic bacteria reduced cognitive abilities and heightened anxiety-like behaviors (362, 363).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“This deficit was prevented by daily administration of a Lactobacillus sp. probiotic combination before infection.”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Gareau et al. demonstrated impaired short-term recognition and working memory in 5 to 6-week-old germ-free mice when compared to conventionally reared counterparts (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Studies in germ-free mice have shown that, in the absence of microbes, the brain is markedly affected, exhibiting deficits in learning, memory formation and recognition, and social and emotional behaviors (58, 123, 124, 362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Germ-free mice present with social cognitive deficits, which may be associated with biochemical changes, such as decreased hippocampal BDNF and c-FOS expression, important in memory (124, 362, 376, 377).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Administration of C. rodentium, combined with acute stress, led to memory dysfunction in young adult germ-free mice (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“For example, Gareau et al. demonstrated a lack of memory in germ-free mice in the T-maze test and novel object test in situations with or without stress (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“These studies show that rodents lacking all gut bacteria from birth (germ-free animals) have memory deficits28 and behavioral abnormalities29, 30 when compared to animals with normal gut microbiota.”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, these cognitive deficits in rodents can be corrected through the colonization of the intestine via a fecal transplant from the control group, but only if it occurs early in life.”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
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Human Nutritional Neuroscience: Fundamental Issues
Foula, W. H., & Foad, W. M. (2024) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2681-3_3 · Cited by 2
Role of Gut Microbiome in Neuromodulation
Kannan, S., Krishnamoorthy, G., Palanichamy, P., & Murugan, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5050-3_8 · Cited by 3
Breast Milk: Possible Mechanisms to Shape the Behaviour and Cognitive Functions of a Child
Евгеньевич, У. С., Paramonova, N. S., & Malyovannaya, I. A. (2018) · Вопросы современной педиатрии · doi:10.15690/vsp.v17i5.1956 · Cited by 5
“воздействие кишечной микробиоты на работу головного мозга [1, 2].”
Gut Hormones and Neuropeptides as Mediators of Microbiome–Brain Communication
Holzer, P. D., & Farzi, A. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190931544.013.1 · Cited by 1
The microbiome in a healthy pregnancy
Neuman, H., & Koren, O. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818097-6.00001-8 · Cited by 3
Schoch, S. F., Castro-Meija, J. L., Krych, Ł., Kot, W., Leng, B., Kohler, M., Huber, R., Rogler, G., Biedermann, L., Walser, J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/3b58x · Cited by 2
(2011) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2011.x001 · Cited by 2
Association between the Distal Gut Microbiome and Anxiety in Highly Active IndividualsPreprint
Morales, E., Fletcher, E., Hwang, P. S., Kim, C. S., Padgett, R. N., Smeding, S., Scullin, M. K., Gordon, P. M., & Greathouse, K. L. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-26541/v1 · Cited by 2
Distinct Dendritic Morphological Changes in the Nucleus Accumbens of Microbiota-deficient Male MicePreprint
García‐Cabrerizo, R., Viola, M. F., Luczynski, P., Clarke, G. A., & Cryan, J. F. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.27.582301 · Cited by 3
“…in social cognition, increased locomotor activity, and attenuation in morphine tolerance, as well as anxiety-and depressive-like behaviours (Gareau et al. , 2011; Clarke et al. , 2013; Crumeyrolle-Arias et al. , 2014; Desbonnet et al. , 2014; Luczynski et al. , 2017; Zhang et al. , 2019).”
BackgroundPark, J., Orahood, O., Banginwar, M., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699546 · Cited by 2
“43 Despite these benefits, it remains unclear by which mechanism these effects are mediated.”
Self-citationThe microbiota-gut-brain axis and bipolar disorder
Gomes‐da‐Costa, S., Salagre, E., Camino, S., Vázquez, G. H., & Grande, I. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819182-8.00023-5 · Cited by 1
Nguyen, T. L., Thi, H. H. P., Lee, Y., Lee, J., & Kim, D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98621-6_12 · Cited by 4
2-es típusú cukorbetegség és Alzheimer-kór − közös mikrobiális gyökerek?
Fekete, C., Schandl, L., Tomasics, G., Egey, A., Kis, J. T., & Winkler, G. (2024) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2024.33128 · Cited by 1
A bibliometric analysis of the immune system and cognitive impairment: trends from 1985 to 2024
Zou, B., Xiang, J., Zhang, M., Huang, J., & Feng, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1587575 · Cited by 2
“…and cognitive impairment but also deeply explores the mechanisms by which gut microbiota affects neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter metabolism, and synaptic plasticity through the “gut–brain axis” (Gareau et al., 2011; Sampson et al., 2016; Vogt et al., 2017; Strandwitz, 2018; Cryan et al., 2019).”
Sayın, O., Ilgın, R., Akkaya, E. C., Ates, M., & Hosgorler, F. U. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-025-02401-z · Cited by 1
“However, studies on microbiota-brain interactions often rely on specific models like germ-free mice or antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, which may not fully account for biological aging (Frohlich et al. 2016; Gareau et al. 2011).”
Tiwari, S., & Paramanik, V. (2025) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-025-01748-x · Cited by 1
“Gareau et al. (2011) reported that supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ).”
Gut microbiota and metabolic signatures of anxiety in ulcerative colitis: a cross-sectional study
Ping, Y., Zhao, X., Lv, L., Meng, W., Meng, Y., Ruan, G., Cheng, Y., Xiao, Z., Tian, Y., Chen, M., et al. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/17562848251393419 · Cited by 1
“9 The importance of the gut–brain axis in mental illness has been recognized, 10–12 and the microbiota, as a key regulator of the gut-brain axis, 7,13,14 can participate in crosstalk with the brain via metabolic and neuroimmune pathways.”
Salikhzyanova, A. F., Mullakaeva, A. I., Shaidullov, I. F., Ситдикова, Г. Ф., & Yakovleva, O. V. (2025) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712425700795 · Cited by 1
Jiménez-Arenas, P., Ferrer, M., Ruiz-Rivera, M., Júlvez, J., Bustamante, M., & Gascón, M. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101212 · Cited by 1
“In particular, when compared to their wild-type counterparts, GM depleted rodents have shown alterations in social behaviour (Desbonnet et al., 2015), motor activity (Heijtz et al., 2011), spatial, working and reference memory (Gareau et al., 2011).”
Disturbances of the placenta–brain axis in germ-free pregnant mice
Herrington, R. T. B., Lyu, Z., Raman, R., Seda, S. E., Snyder, C., Bivens, N. J., Lei, Z., Islam, T., Sumner, L. W., Joshi, T., et al. (2026) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioag103 · Cited by 1
The Role of the Brain–Gut–Microbiome in Mental Health and Mental Disorders
Treisman, G. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804024-9.00042-2 · Cited by 1
Bharwani, A., Bienenstock, J., & Forsythe, P. (2017) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-839-1_8 · Cited by 1
The Emerging Role of Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K., Łoniewski, I., Koulaouzidis, A., & Marlicz, W. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815249-2.00026-9 · Cited by 1
Reid, G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30144-5_89 · Cited by 1
Gut Microbiome and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Legaki, E., Karanasou, E. A., & Gazouli, M. (2021) · The microbiomes of humans, animals, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59642-2_3 · Cited by 2
Role of Gut Microbiota and Probiotic in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Sharma, A., Wakode, S. R., Sharma, S., & Fayaz, F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6760-2_9 · Cited by 1
Farhana, A., & Khan, Y. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4558-7_2 · Cited by 2
The gut microbiome in neurodegenerative disorders
Abughazaleh, S. J., Euers, L. A., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821039-0.00006-x · Cited by 1
王, 涛., 金, 锋., 胡, 旭., 罗, 佳., 李, 薇., & 梁, 姗. (2014) · Scientia Sinica Vitae · doi:10.1360/zc2014-44-2-208 · Cited by 1
Pin, C., Lin, X., Liu, A., & Li, J. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050638 · Cited by 1
Staniak, N., Piaseczna-Spitaleri, E., & Biała, G. (2022) · Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej · doi:10.2478/ahem-2022-0042 · Cited by 1
The Microbiome in Neurogastroenterology
Preidis, G. A., Chumpitazi, B. P., & Shulman, R. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15229-0_6 · Cited by 1
Cannabis use, oral dysbiosis, and neurological disorders
Hazzard, A. A., McCrorey, M. K., Salman, T., Johnson, D. E., Luo, Z., Fu, X., Keegan, A. P., Benitez, A. M., Fitting, S., & Jiang, W. (2024) · NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1515/nipt-2024-0012 · Cited by 1
Associations Between the Microbiome and Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Function
Lundwall, R. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192870414.003.0024 · Cited by 1
Enteroendocrine Cells Sense Sucrose and Alter Enteric Neuron Excitability via Insulin Signaling
Snyder, J. R., Ahmed, M., Bhave, S. M., Hotta, R., Koppes, R. A., Goldstein, A. M., & Koppes, A. N. (2024) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202300566 · Cited by 1
The microbiome: what a neurologist needs to know
Dehghanizai, A. B., Stewart, C. J., & Thomas, R. H. (2025) · Practical Neurology · doi:10.1136/pn-2024-004400 · Cited by 1
The Human Microbiome: The Brain-Gut Axis and its Role in Immunity
Moser, V. (2014) · Cited by 1
The Influence of Diet and the Gut Microbiota in Schizophrenia
Ghomi, R. H., & Nemani, K. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802304-4.00016-5 · Cited by 2
You Need Guts to Make New Neurons
Wolf, S. A., & Mattei, D. (2017) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-017-0127-4 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Gareau, M. G., Wine, E., Rodrigues, D. M., Cho, J. H., Whary, M. T., Philpott, D. J., MacQueen, G., & Sherman, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sherman, Philip M
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2010-10-21
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-317
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- OpenAlex
- W2170856053
- Cited by
- 909
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- enteric bacterial infection, Citrobacter rodentium, gut microbiota, germ-free mice, non-spatial memory, anxiety, water avoidance stress, probiotics, gut-brain axis, acute stress
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Colon, Corticosterone, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Feces, Female, Germ-Free Life, Hippocampus, Hyperplasia, Memory Disorders, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Inflammation Mediators, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Probiotics, Citrobacter rodentium, Mice
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