The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The brain-gut axis is a key regulator of normal intestinal physiology; for example, psychological stress is linked to altered gut barrier function, development of food allergies and changes in behaviour. Whether intestinal events, such as enteric bacterial infections and bacterial colonisation, exert a reciprocal effect on stress-associated behaviour is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of either acute enteric infection or absence of gut microbiota on behaviour, including anxiety and non-spatial memory formation. METHODS: Behaviour was assessed following infection with the non-invasive enteric pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium in both C57BL/6 mice and germ-free Swiss-Webster mice, in the presence or absence of acute water avoidance stress. Whether daily treatment with probiotics normalised behaviour was assessed, and potential mechanisms of action evaluated. RESULTS: No behavioural abnormalities were observed, either at the height of infection (10 days) or following bacterial clearance (30 days), in C rodentium-infected C57BL/6 mice. When infected mice were exposed to acute stress, however, memory dysfunction was apparent after infection (10 days and 30 days). Memory dysfunction was prevented by daily treatment of infected mice with probiotics. Memory was impaired in germ-free mice, with or without exposure to stress, in contrast to conventionally reared, control Swiss-Webster mice with an intact intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS: The intestinal microbiota influences the ability to form memory. Memory dysfunction occurs in infected mice exposed to acute stress, while in the germ-free setting memory is altered at baseline.
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In the citing paper
“Firstly, studies in germ-free (GF) animals showed that the brain is affected in the absence of microbiota (see Table 2) (Clarke et al., 2013;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011;Hegstrand and Hine, 1986;Neufeld et al., 2011;Sudo et al., 2004).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition, these animals exhibit altered BDNF expression in the hippocampus (Bercik et al., 2011a;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011), which as stated earlier has an important role in synaptic plasticity and cognition (Baj et al., 2013;Lu et al., 2014;Neufeld et al., 2011), suggesting a crucial involvement of microbes in regulating hippocampal-dependent memory function.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition, these animals exhibit altered BDNF expression in the hippocampus (Bercik et al., 2011a;Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011;Gareau et al., 2011), which as stated earlier has an important role in synaptic plasticity and cognition (Baj et al., 2013;Lu et al., 2014;Neufeld et al., 2011), suggesting a crucial involvement of microbes in regulating hippocampal-dependent memory function.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that GF mice exhibit an impaired ability to remember a familiar object when presented with a novel object (Gareau et al., 2011;Luk et al., 2018), as well as impaired working memory in remembering a familiar environment in the spontaneous alternation task (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that GF mice exhibit an impaired ability to remember a familiar object when presented with a novel object (Gareau et al., 2011;Luk et al., 2018), as well as impaired working memory in remembering a familiar environment in the spontaneous alternation task (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Indeed, different Lactobacillus strains were capable of restoring deficits in object recognition memory induced by chronic restraint stress (Liang et al., 2015a), as well as preventing these deficits in GF mice (Gareau et al., 2011), in a mouse model of colitis (Emge et al., 2016), and in immunodeficient mice (Smith et al., 2014).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“BDNF expression as measured by immunohistochemistry was decreased in the CA1 hippocampal brain area in GF stressed mice compared to stressed controls (Gareau et al., 2011).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gareau et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“An increasing body of preclinical and human evidence demonstrates that the MGB axis plays important roles in the development and maintenance of various components of cognition (191, 362, 375).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“The introduction of pathogenic bacteria reduced cognitive abilities and heightened anxiety-like behaviors (362, 363).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“This deficit was prevented by daily administration of a Lactobacillus sp. probiotic combination before infection.”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Gareau et al. demonstrated impaired short-term recognition and working memory in 5 to 6-week-old germ-free mice when compared to conventionally reared counterparts (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Studies in germ-free mice have shown that, in the absence of microbes, the brain is markedly affected, exhibiting deficits in learning, memory formation and recognition, and social and emotional behaviors (58, 123, 124, 362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Germ-free mice present with social cognitive deficits, which may be associated with biochemical changes, such as decreased hippocampal BDNF and c-FOS expression, important in memory (124, 362, 376, 377).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“Administration of C. rodentium, combined with acute stress, led to memory dysfunction in young adult germ-free mice (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“For example, Gareau et al. demonstrated a lack of memory in germ-free mice in the T-maze test and novel object test in situations with or without stress (362).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [362]
In the citing paper
“These studies show that rodents lacking all gut bacteria from birth (germ-free animals) have memory deficits28 and behavioral abnormalities29, 30 when compared to animals with normal gut microbiota.”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, these cognitive deficits in rodents can be corrected through the colonization of the intestine via a fecal transplant from the control group, but only if it occurs early in life.”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
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Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Cognitive Impairment in Bipolar Disorder: Current Evidence
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“For example, GF mice were found to have decreased cognitive memory compared with control mice [48, 49].”
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“Gareau and colleagues (101) revealed that germ-free mice exhibited a decrease in both non-spatial and working memory when exposed to either a novel object or a T-maze (101).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGayathri, D., & Rashmi, B. S. (2017) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2017.01.003 · Cited by 31
Petrosus, E. M., Silva, E. B., Lay, D. C., & Eicher, S. D. (2018) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/sky312 · Cited by 29
Mind the gut: probiotics in paediatric neurogastroenterology
Salvatore, S., Pensabene, L., Borrelli, O., Saps, M., Thapar, N., Concolino, D., Staiano, A., & Vandenplas, Y. (2018) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2018.0013 · Cited by 30
Wang, L., Sun, Y., Zhao, T., Li, Y., Zhao, X., Zhang, L., Wu, L., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Wei, G., et al. (2019) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/a-1068-9686 · Cited by 28
“in GF mice have significant changes compared with SPF mice [28], indicating that intestinal microbes significantly affect neurochemistry in the brain.”
BackgroundMosaferi, B., Jand, Y., & Salari, A. (2021) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.08.004 · Cited by 30
Li, X., Chen, L.-M., Kumar, G., Zhang, S.-J., Zhong, Q.-H., Zhang, H., Gui, G., Wu, L.-L., Fan, H., & Sheng, J.-W. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.820106 · Cited by 29
Karbownik, M. S., Mokros, Ł., Dobielska, M., Kowalczyk, M., & Kowalczyk, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.850249 · Cited by 33
“For example, memory dysfunction was observed in germ-free or enteric pathogen-infected previously healthy mice exposed to acute stress; importantly, the memory decline was prevented by the use of a commercially-available probiotic combination (22).”
BackgroundA Reciprocal Link Between Gut Microbiota, Inflammation and Depression: A Place for Probiotics?
Eltokhi, A., & Sommer, I. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.852506 · Cited by 32
“Studies mostly from the microbiota-devoid germ-free mice or mice treated with broadspectrum antibiotics have shown that specific microbiota can impact brain physiology and behavior including deficiencies in learning, memory, recognition, and emotional behaviors (Gareau et al., 2011; Smith, 2015; Foster et al., 2017),…”
BackgroundAnimal–microbe interactions and the evolution of nervous systems
Eisthen, H. L., & Theis, K. R. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0052 · Cited by 29
“[81] have suggested that this discrepancy might be reconciled if the increased exploratory behaviour in germ-free mice is due to deficits in working memory rather than decreased anxiety, leading animals to greater levels of exploration; further, studies using varying measures of anxiety obtain differing results (e.”
BackgroundResultNeonatal Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection Disrupts Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Signaling
Hennessey, C., Keogh, C. E., Barboza, M., Brust‐Mascher, I., Knotts, T. A., Sladek, J. A., Pusceddu, M. M., Stokes, P., Rabasa, G., Honeycutt, M. K., et al. (2021) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00059-21 · Cited by 27
“For example, in adult mice, infection with 65 the murine bacterial pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium, causes acute anxiety-like behavior (13) 66 and stress-induced cognitive deficits (12), with exposure to social stress increasing severity of 67 infection (14).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEarly genistein exposure of California mice and effects on the gut microbiota–brain axis
Marshall, B. L., Liu, Y., Farrington, M. J., Mao, J., Helferich, W. G., Schenk, A. K., Bivens, N. J., Sarma, S. J., Lei, Z., Sumner, L. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-19-0214 · Cited by 29
Without a bug’s life: Germ-free rodents to interrogate microbiota-gut-neuroimmune interactions
Spichak, S., Guzzetta, K. E., O’Leary, O. F., Clarke, G. A., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2018) · Drug Discovery Today Disease Models · doi:10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.08.002 · Cited by 30
Xin, J., Zeng, D., Wang, H., Sun, N., Khalique, A., Zhao, Y., Wu, L., Pan, K., Jing, B., & Ni, X. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10125 · Cited by 34
“Moreover, previous studies demonstrated that mental diseases and cognitive functions can be effectively modulated by supplying probiotics or prebiotics to enhance the intestinal environment (Sgritta et al., 2019; Gareau et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEffect of gut microbiota early in life on aggressive behavior in mice
Watanabe, N., Mikami, K., Hata, T., Kimoto, K., Nishino, R., Akama, F., Yamamoto, K., Sudo, N., Koga, Y., & Matsumoto, H. (2021) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2021.01.005 · Cited by 28
Out of our skull, in our skin: the Microbiota-Gut-Brain axis and the Extended Cognition Thesis
Boem, F., Ferretti, G., & Caiani, S. Z. (2021) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-021-09790-6 · Cited by 30
Lucerne, K. E., Osman, A., Meckel, K. R., & Kiraly, D. D. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108598 · Cited by 27
Sanborn, V. E., Azcárate-Peril, M. A., Updegraff, J. A., Manderino, L. M., & Gunstad, J. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2018.11.006 · Cited by 27
Karczewski, J., Zielińska, A., Staszewski, R., Eder, P., Dobrowolska, A., & Souto, E. B. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23116145 · Cited by 27
Unlocking the mind-gut connection: Impact of human microbiome on cognition
Castells‐Nobau, A., Mayneris‐Perxachs, J., & Fernández‐Real, J. M. (2024) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2024.07.019 · Cited by 31
Venturini, L., Bacchi, S., Capelli, E., Lorusso, L., Ricevuti, G., & Cusa, C. (2019) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2019/1684198 · Cited by 27
“The consequent reduced local and systemic inflammation improves the immune and oxidative system functions [57, 58] and affects the modulation of gut-brain interactions with mood leading to better cognitive performances [51, 59, 60].”
BackgroundZhang, J., Yang, J., Yang, C., Chen, T., Wang, Z., Li, J., Qin, F., Deng, Q., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00631 · Cited by 27
Kelly, D. L., Lyon, D., Yoon, S. L., & Horgas, A. L. (2015) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000286 · Cited by 28
“before and during the infection prevented memory dysfunction.(30) Similarly, other studies have shown that probiotics administration considerably improved the impaired spatial memory in diabetic animals.”
ResultJoseph, J., & Law, C. A. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.010 · Cited by 26
“Neuropsychiatric therapies are heterogeneous in their long-term efficacy (Geddes et al., 2000; McEvoy and Nathan, 2007; Serretti and Mandelli, 2010), with some having considerable harmful effects (Correll et al., 2009; De Hert et al., 2012; Lozano et al., 2008).”
Rich, S. N., Klann, E. M., Bryant, V. E., Richards, V. L., Wijayabahu, A. T., BRYANT, K. J., Mai, V., & Cook, R. L. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100168 · Cited by 27
Yu, Y., Wang, H., Rao, X., Liu, L., Zheng, P., Li, W., Zhou, W., Chai, T., Ji, P., Song, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.594332 · Cited by 26
Gut Microbiome and Serum Metabolome Profiles of Capsaicin with Cognitive Benefits in APP/PS1 Mice
Li, J., Liao, X., Yin, X., Deng, Z., Hu, G., Zhang, W., Jiang, F., & Zhao, L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010118 · Cited by 26
“The administration of ampicillin in rats disrupted the gut microbiota, elevated serum corticosterone, and, thus, impaired spatial memory [33].”
BackgroundRiehl, L., Fürst, J., Kress, M., & Rykalo, N. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1302957 · Cited by 30
The role of gut microbiota in cerebrovascular disease and related dementia
Cuartero, M. I., García‐Culebras, A., Nieto‐Vaquero, C., Fraga, E., Torres‐López, C., Pradillo, J. M., Lizasoaín, I., & Moro, M. Á. (2023) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.16167 · Cited by 27
“…microbiota show important alterations in physiological processes including neurogenesis, myelination, dendritic growth, BBB permeability, and even display a reduced microglial response compared with animals hosting commensal bacteria (Gareau et al., 2011; Heijtz et al., 2011; Morais et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEarly-life gut microbiota and neurodevelopment in preterm infants: a narrative review
Beghetti, I., Barone, M., Brigidi, P., Sansavini, A., Corvaglia, L., Aceti, A., & Turroni, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1241303 · Cited by 65
“In addition, lower levels of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR), 5-HT1 receptor, and BDNF were found in the amygdala, which is part of the “emotional brain” limbic system, leading to increased risk-taking behavior (41, 43).”
BackgroundInfluentialTrisal, A., Singh, I., Garg, G., Jorwal, K., & Singh, A. K. (2024) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-024-04187-0 · Cited by 27
“Probiotics with the L. rhamnosus R0011 strain have been shown to prevent memory deficits in female SPF model mice when the probiotic is administered regularly (Gareau et al. 2011).”
CAN GUT MICROBES PLAY A ROLE IN MENTAL DISORDERS AND THEIR TREATMENT?
Látalová, K., Hajda, M., & Praško, J. P. (2017) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2017.28 · Cited by 24
Probiotic Escherichia coli Ameliorates Antibiotic-Associated Anxiety Responses in Mice
Park, K., Park, S.-H., Nagappan, A., Ray, N., Kim, J., Yoon, S., & Moon, Y. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030811 · Cited by 25
“Detrimental alterations in the GM community have crucial impacts on neurogenerative processes and have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia, and anxiety and depressive disorders [29,30].”
BackgroundMicrobiota and stress: a loop that impacts memory
Kraïmi, N., Lormant, F., Calandreau, L., Kempf, F., Zemb, O., Lemarchand, J., Constantin, P., Parias, C., Germain, K., Dupont, C., et al. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105594 · Cited by 28
Evidence for long‐lasting alterations in the fecal microbiota following prenatal alcohol exposure
Bodnar, T. S., Lee, C. S., Wong, A., Rubin, I. N., Parfrey, L. W., & Weinberg, J. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14784 · Cited by 28
Wei, Q., Jiang, Z., Shi, H., Zou, J., Lu, W., Xiao, X., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105787 · Cited by 25
The microbiota-gut- hippocampus axis
Salami, M., & Soheili, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1065995 · Cited by 30
“Consistently, numerous findings suggest that some brain processes which are regulated by neurogenesis in adult hippocampus are affected in germ free animals (Gareau et al., 2011).”
BackgroundKartjito, M. S., Yosia, M., Wasito, E., Soloan, G., Agussalim, A. A. K., & Basrowi, R. W. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15122642 · Cited by 34
“, mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) showed reduced symptoms when treated with tryptophan [40,115].”
BackgroundRegulation of body fat mass by the gut microbiota: Possible mediation by the brain
Schéle, E., Grahnemo, L., Anesten, F., Hallén, A., Bäckhed, F., & Jansson, J. (2015) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.027 · Cited by 25
Shakoor, M. U., Tareen, F. K., Rehman, Z., Saghir, K. A., Ashraf, W., Anjum, S. M. M., Ahmad, T., Alqahtani, F., & Imran, I. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70078 · Cited by 23
“Previously, Gareau et al. [35] published that gut dysbiosis in GF (germ-free animals having no microbiota), enteric pathogen-mediated bacterial infection, and probiotic supplementation all can modify learning aptitude and cognitive consolidation capacity.”
BackgroundZhang, R., Zhang, M., & Wang, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1539355 · Cited by 31
The role of nutrition and gut microbiome in childhood brain development and behavior
Jiang, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1590172 · Cited by 35
“For example, GF mice demonstrated a higher incidence of anxiety-like behaviors, as well as social and cognitive conditions such as memory dysfunction and increased motor activity, than conventionally-raised mice (16, 73).”
Ibi, D., & Yamada, K. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms161226092 · Cited by 24
“Recent preclinical investigations have indicated that gut microbes have a significant effect on brain function [121] [122] [123] , which is mediated by the neuroactive factors generated by such bacteria.”
BackgroundLost in Translation: The Gut Microbiota in Psychiatric Illness
Anglin, R., Surette, M. G., Moayyedi, P., & Berčík, P. (2015) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371506001007 · Cited by 27
Luo, Z., Fitting, S., Robinson, C., Benitez, A. M., Li, M., Wu, Y., Fu, X., Amato, D., Ning, W., Funderburg, N., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103701 · Cited by 26
“The perturbations of intestinal microbiota resulted in the impairment of memory formation and cognition in the hippocampus [48].”
The Association of the Gut Microbiota with Clinical Features in Schizophrenia
Nocera, A., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12040089 · Cited by 24
Lai, S., Wang, J., Wang, B., Wang, R., Li, G., Jia, Y., Chen, T., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06154-0 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Gareau, M. G., Wine, E., Rodrigues, D. M., Cho, J. H., Whary, M. T., Philpott, D. J., MacQueen, G., & Sherman, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sherman, Philip M
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2010-10-21
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-317
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- OpenAlex
- W2170856053
- Cited by
- 909
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- enteric bacterial infection, Citrobacter rodentium, gut microbiota, germ-free mice, non-spatial memory, anxiety, water avoidance stress, probiotics, gut-brain axis, acute stress
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Colon, Corticosterone, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Feces, Female, Germ-Free Life, Hippocampus, Hyperplasia, Memory Disorders, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Inflammation Mediators, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Probiotics, Citrobacter rodentium, Mice
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