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An update on the use and investigation of probiotics in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Probiotics are derived from traditional fermented foods, from beneficial commensals or from the environment. They act through diverse mechanisms affecting the composition or function of the commensal microbiota and by altering host epithelial and immunological responses. Certain probiotic interventions have shown promise in selected clinical conditions where aberrant microbiota have been reported, such as atopic dermatitis, necrotising enterocolitis, pouchitis and possibly irritable bowel syndrome. However, no studies have been conducted that can causally link clinical improvements to probiotic-induced microbiota changes. Whether a disease-prone microbiota pattern can be remodelled to a more robust, resilient and disease-free state by probiotic administration remains a key unanswered question. Progress in this area will be facilitated by: optimising strain, dose and product formulations, including protective commensal species; matching these formulations with selectively responsive subpopulations; and identifying ways to manipulate diet to modify bacterial profiles and metabolism.
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“FMT introduces a complete, stable, and durable community of gut microbiota [26] , unlike probiotics, that temporarily alter the metabolic, or immunologic activity, of the native gut microbiota [27] .”
From Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“the use of probiotics in preventive medicine to keep a healthy intestinal function is well documented”
From Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Despite these regulatory issues, interest surrounding probiotics and their potential benefits have not waned and probiotics are among the main products intentionally consumed by humans to beneficially affect the gut microbiome to improve health [7,8].”
Probiotics in primary care: A survey of health professionals
Jordan, D., Johnson, N., & Thomas, L. V. (2015) · Practice Nursing · doi:10.12968/pnur.2015.26.11.550 · Cited by 19
Gut Microbiomics—A Solution to Unloose the Gordian Knot of Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
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Probiotics Upregulate Trefoil Factors and Downregulate Pepsinogen in the Mouse Stomach
Khoder, G., Al-Yassir, F., Menhali, A. A., Saseedharan, P., Sugathan, S., Tomasetto, C., & Karam, S. M. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20163901 · Cited by 19
“Therefore, probiotics are now incorporated into an expanding array of food products, nutritional supplements, and pharmaceutical compounds [5].”
BackgroundChaikham, P., & Rattanasena, P. (2016) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2016.12.005 · Cited by 20
“…have been described to include: antimicrobial activity, prevention and treatment of diarrhea, relief of symptoms caused by lactose intolerance, anti-mutagenic/anticarcinogenic activities, lowering blood cholesterol level and stimulation of the immune system (Chaikham, 2015; Sanders et al., 2013).”
BackgroundŠpiljak, B., Ozretić, P., Rogulj, A. A., Brzak, B. L., Brailo, V., Škerlj, M., & Juras, D. V. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142311405 · Cited by 19
The Future of Probiotics for Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis
Quigley, E. M. M., & Shanahan, F. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_19 · Cited by 18
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Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds, and Health Benefits of Functional and Medicinal Beverages
Akyüz, E. Y., Üstün‐Aytekin, Ö., Bayram, B., & Tutar, Y. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816842-4.00006-x · Cited by 19
Salgado, P. R., Giorgio, L. D., Musso, Y. S., & Mauri, A. N. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814130-4.00009-9 · Cited by 30
European General Practitioners perceptions on probiotics: Results of a multinational survey
van der Geest, A. M., Flach, J., Claassen, E., Sijlmans, A. W., van de Burgwal, L., & Larsen, O. F. A. (2020) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100178 · Cited by 18
Glutamine deficiency links clindamycin-induced dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice
Mao, J., Yan, Y., Li, H., Shen, X., Zhang, H., Li, H., & Chen, W. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520004195 · Cited by 17
“Resilience to external perturbations is a fundamental property of gut microbial communities, and gut microbiome is generally stable within healthy adult individuals(24).”
BackgroundGarcía-Santos, J. A., Nieto-Ruíz, A., García-Ricobaraza, M., Cerdó, T., & Campoy, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119427 · Cited by 18
“However, these conclusions should be taken with caution due to the existence of major limitations concerning the inclusion of studies with a small sample size and the use of different strains of probiotics [83].”
BackgroundYogurt Alleviates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis by Activating the Lactate/GPR81 Signaling Axis in Mice
Qian, J., Li, X., Yin, Z., Dai, Y., Zhang, H., Li, H., Peng, C., & Chen, W. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05049 · Cited by 18
Probiotics and necrotizing enterocolitis
Fleming, P., Hall, N. J., & Eaton, S. D. (2015) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/s00383-015-3790-0 · Cited by 18
“stool also reported that its administration was associated with a reduction in apnoea and vomiting [50].”
BackgroundBonvicini, F., Pagnotta, E., Punzo, A., Calabria, D., Simoni, P., Mirasoli, M., Passerini, N., Bertoni, S., Ugolini, L., Lazzeri, L., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103064 · Cited by 17
“Recent studies in cellular and animal models focus on the e ff ects of probiotics (live bacteria that o ff er benefits to the host) on various disease states, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) [10].”
Probiotics/Prebiotics in Viral Respiratory Infections: Implication for Emerging Pathogens
Heidari, Z., Tajbakhsh, A., Hayat, S. M. G., Moattari, A., Razban, V., Berenjian, A., Savardashtaki, A., & Negahdaripour, M. (2021) · Recent Patents on Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1872208315666210419103742 · Cited by 17
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Koletzko, B. V., Poindexter, B. B., & Uauy, R. D. (2016) · Cited by 16
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“Probiotics were reported to be beneficial in the management of irritable bowel syndrome, infectious diarrhea and necrotizing enterocolitis among others (Sanders et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFunctional Food: Probiotic as Health Booster
Roy, P., & Kumar, V. (2018) · Journal of Food Nutrition and Population Health · doi:10.21767/2577-0586.100042 · Cited by 17
“Probiotics microorganism containing functional food gained vital importance in the prevention of various gutassociated disorders, urogenital, and respiratory infections [6].”
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“Intravenous rehydration fluids, yes, n (%) 4 (7) 3 (5) .”
InfluentialSelf-citationMagge, S., & Wolf, J. L. (2013) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.13.57 · Cited by 16
“Probiotics have been used in a variety of GI disorders including IBS, Clostridium difficile colitis and inflammatory bowel disease [22,23].”
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“The trial was of a small sample size and it was found that one patient in the probiotic group developed CDI compared to three in the control group (30).”
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Correlating the Gut Microbiome to Health and Disease
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Turkish Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis (ART)
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“There are many uses for probiotics, one of which is the treatment of acute diarrhea [7].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sanders, M. E., Guarner, F., Guerrant, R., Holt, P. R., Quigley, E. M., Sartor, R. B., Sherman, P. M., & Mayer, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Dairy & Food Culture Technologies, Centennial, Colorado, USA
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari (ES)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Houston Methodist (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mayer, Emeran A
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-03-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 787-796
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- PMC
- PMC4351195
- OpenAlex
- W2148017101
- Cited by
- 503
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 22
- FWCI
- 8.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Procter and Gamble
- Mead Johnson Nutrition
- Danone
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated
- Alimentary Health
- Instituto Danone
- Norgine
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK048351, U01DK082370)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- probiotics, gut microbiota, commensal microbiota, atopic dermatitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, pouchitis, irritable bowel syndrome, host immune response, diet and microbiome, microbiota resilience
- MeSH terms
- Colitis, Ulcerative, Crohn Disease, Cross Infection, Diarrhea, Female, Health Status, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Vaginitis, Colorectal Neoplasms, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, Probiotics, Enterocolitis, Necrotizing, Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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