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An update on the use and investigation of probiotics in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Probiotics are derived from traditional fermented foods, from beneficial commensals or from the environment. They act through diverse mechanisms affecting the composition or function of the commensal microbiota and by altering host epithelial and immunological responses. Certain probiotic interventions have shown promise in selected clinical conditions where aberrant microbiota have been reported, such as atopic dermatitis, necrotising enterocolitis, pouchitis and possibly irritable bowel syndrome. However, no studies have been conducted that can causally link clinical improvements to probiotic-induced microbiota changes. Whether a disease-prone microbiota pattern can be remodelled to a more robust, resilient and disease-free state by probiotic administration remains a key unanswered question. Progress in this area will be facilitated by: optimising strain, dose and product formulations, including protective commensal species; matching these formulations with selectively responsive subpopulations; and identifying ways to manipulate diet to modify bacterial profiles and metabolism.
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“FMT introduces a complete, stable, and durable community of gut microbiota [26] , unlike probiotics, that temporarily alter the metabolic, or immunologic activity, of the native gut microbiota [27] .”
From Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“the use of probiotics in preventive medicine to keep a healthy intestinal function is well documented”
From Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
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Abdelhadi, L. A. M., Liang, Y., Liao, Y., & Zhu, G. (2026) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-026-00852-2
“Probiotics are live microorganisms, such as yeast and bacteria, that may confer beneficial health effects [106].”
Mori, P., Chauhan, M., Khan, Z. H., Kumar, N., Goswami, S., & Kumar, V. (2026) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-026-05139-x
“Probiotics with a balanced diet effectively mitigated spleen damage, though some fibrosis could persist, as demonstrated in previous studies on gut health and malnutrition (Garg et al. 2020, Mao et al. 2023, Sanders et al. 2013).”
Liao, K., Zhang, Y., 熊晓甦, She, Z., Wang, Y., Ye, Z., Shan, Z., Li, Y., Jia, X., Zhu, X., et al. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15152709
“This organism confers multiple health benefits, including improving gut function, boosting immune response, and suppressing pathogens [2–4].”
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Oka, A., Bongers, G., Mishima, Y., Baltus, A. E., Gray, S. M., Liu, B., Herzog, J., Benedetto, J. R., Fan, T.-J., Jang, J., et al. (2026) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2026.08.003 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Sanders, M. E., Guarner, F., Guerrant, R., Holt, P. R., Quigley, E. M., Sartor, R. B., Sherman, P. M., & Mayer, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Dairy & Food Culture Technologies, Centennial, Colorado, USA
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari (ES)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Houston Methodist (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mayer, Emeran A
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-03-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 787-796
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- PMC
- PMC4351195
- OpenAlex
- W2148017101
- Cited by
- 503
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 22
- FWCI
- 8.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Procter and Gamble
- Mead Johnson Nutrition
- Danone
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated
- Alimentary Health
- Instituto Danone
- Norgine
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK048351, U01DK082370)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- probiotics, gut microbiota, commensal microbiota, atopic dermatitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, pouchitis, irritable bowel syndrome, host immune response, diet and microbiome, microbiota resilience
- MeSH terms
- Colitis, Ulcerative, Crohn Disease, Cross Infection, Diarrhea, Female, Health Status, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Vaginitis, Colorectal Neoplasms, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, Probiotics, Enterocolitis, Necrotizing, Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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