The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities
Open accessAbstract
This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemic pandemic . It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.
Overview
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
17 of 50 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Similarly, access to healthcare is lower in disadvantaged and marginalised communities-even in universal healthcare systems.32”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] Todd A , Copeland A , Kasim A , et al. Access all areas? An area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy and primary care distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007328. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007328 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) report the opposite pattern for the access this study measured: a higher proportion of people in England’s most deprived areas live within a 20-minute walk of a GP premises. The Discussion’s principal findings likewise say GP-premises accessibility was highest in the most deprived areas. The paper measures proximity to GP premises and pharmacies, not healthcare access in general or access among all marginalised communities. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and across Sweden, there were inequalities in mortality between the highest and lowest occupational classes -particularly among men.7”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] source
The Discussion reports social-class differences in excess mortality during the July 1918–June 1919 pandemic and says they were larger among men than women. The Regression results likewise identify low-skilled men as having the highest excess mortality and farmers the lowest; the paper does not claim a uniform class gradient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, countries with smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities, such as New Zealand, did not experience any socio-economic inequalities in mortality.8 9”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] Rice G , Bryder L . Black november: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand . Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 2005.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [9] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Univariate results, page unavailable) show no significant trend in mortality risk by occupational class among New Zealand military personnel; the paper also reports no significant occupational-class association in its fully adjusted model. But it does not establish that New Zealand had smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities or that the country experienced no socioeconomic inequalities in pandemic mortality. The study was restricted to New Zealand military personnel in the Northern Hemisphere, so the claim generalizes beyond its population. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Another study found positive associations between people with financial issues (eg, financial barriers to healthcare access) and influenza-like illnesses during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in the USA.15”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] source
The COMMENT section (page not provided) reports that respondents with financial barriers to healthcare were more likely to report influenza-like illness, even after adjustment for age, medical conditions, and employment. This directly supports the cited association in the US pandemic study. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, globally, Mexico experienced a higher mortality rate than that in higher-income countries.12”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Discussion states that Mexico had higher 2009 pandemic-related mortality rates than the United States, Europe, or Australia. It also compares an estimated 11.1 deaths per 100,000 in Mexico with 4 per 100,000 in the United States. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Various studies on cyclical winter influenza in North America have also found associations between mortality, morbidity and symptom severity and socio-economic status among adults and children.16 17”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that influenza-related hospitalizations increased as neighborhood socioeconomic status decreased among adults in New Haven County across four seasons. The Introduction also reports an earlier Connecticut finding for children. These passages support an association with hospitalization, but not the claimed associations with mortality or symptom severity across North America. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, old-age pensions in the UK were protected from austerity cuts after the GFC and research has suggested that this prevented health inequalities increasing amongst the older population.45”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion say UK pensioners were largely protected from austerity and suggest that maintaining these benefits may explain why the mental-health gap did not widen in the study’s older cohort. The Conclusion limits that finding to an 18-month study of the most and least deprived neighbourhoods of Stockton-on-Tees; it does not establish that pension protection prevented health inequalities from increasing among the UK’s older population generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Introduction describes housing and neighbourhood conditions as an upstream determinant that plays a role in health inequalities. The Abstract also calls them important social determinants of health. Together, these passages support the citing sentence's broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stress of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression.36”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that chronic stressors, including unemployment and caregiving, were associated with reduced function on almost all immune measures examined. The Discussion describes the most chronic stressors as associated with broad immunosuppression. The paper does not establish material and psychological deprivation as distinct categories of stressor, so that specificity goes beyond its findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Likewise, there is increasing evidence that living in disadvantaged environments may produce a sense of powerlessness and collective threat among residents, leading to chronic stressors that, in time, damage health.39”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
Section 3.3 (Meso/community level theories; page not provided) states that disadvantaged living environments may produce collective threat and powerlessness, which act as chronic stressors damaging health over time. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Housing also impacts health inequalities materially through costs (eg, as a result of high rents) and psychosocially through insecurity (eg, short-term leases).34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says housing tenure may affect health psychosocially: home ownership may provide greater security than renting, while debt may cause anxiety. It does not identify high rents as a material pathway or short-term leases as the source of insecurity, and it qualifies the tenure effect rather than asserting it outright. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, exposure to poor quality housing is associated with certain health outcomes, for example, damp housing can lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma while overcrowding can result in higher infection rates and increased risk of injury from household accidents.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says cold and damp housing may cause or exacerbate respiratory conditions, and that some housing-related hazards can cause injuries. The Results identify overcrowding as a housing-risk category, but the passages do not link it specifically to higher infection rates or household-accident injuries. The paper also does not specifically identify asthma as an outcome of damp housing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, inequalities in premature mortality and infant mortality by income and ethnicity in the USA decreased during the period of welfare expansion in the USA ('war on poverty' era 1966 to 1980), but they increased again during the Reagan-Bush period (1980-2002) when welfare services and healthcare coverage were cut.46”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Post-treatment reduction of clinical risk’ and ‘Duration of Follow-Up’ sections discuss antimalarial treatment trials, not US mortality inequalities. Searches for premature and infant mortality by income and ethnicity, the war on poverty, and the Reagan–Bush period found no passage addressing the claimed trends. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“COVID-19 has laid bare our longstanding social, economic and political inequalities -even before the COVID-19 pandemic, life expectancy amongst the poorest groups was already declining in the UK and the USA and health inequalities in some European countries have been increasing over the last decade.50”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Forster T , Kentikelenis A , Bambra C . Health inequalities in Europe: setting the stage for progressive policy action, Foundation for European Progressive Studies and the Think Tank for Action on Social Change (TASC). 2018. Available https://www.feps-europe.eu/component/attachments/attachments.html?task=attachment&id=168 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Healthier but Still Unequal” section (page not provided) reports widening life-expectancy gaps in Denmark and in England between 2010 and 2015, supporting the claim that health inequalities increased in some European countries before COVID-19. It does not establish that life expectancy itself declined among the poorest groups in the UK or USA; the search for that claim found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The international literature demonstrates that there were inequalities in prevalence and mortality rates: between high-income and low-income countries, more and less affluent neighbourhoods, higher and lower socio-economic groups, and urban and rural areas.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These health impacts were not shared equally though-areas of the UK with higher unemployment rates had greater increases in suicide rates and inequalities in mental health increased with people living in the most deprived areas experiencing the largest increases in psychiatric morbidity and self-harm.43”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic is occurring against a backdrop of social and economic inequalities in existing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as well as inequalities in the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With regard to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19, data from England and Wales have found that people who are black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) accounted for 34.5% of 4873 critically ill COVID-19 patients (in the period ending April 16, 2020) and much higher than the 11.5% seen for viral pneumonia between 2017 and 2019.20”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre . Report on COVID-19 in critical care 17 April 2020 . London: Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in Chicago (in the period ending April 17, 2020), 59.2% of COVID-19 deaths were among black residents and the COVID-19 mortality rate for black Chicagoans was 34.8 per 100 000 population compared to 8.2 per 100 000 population among white residents.21”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] Chicago Department of Public Health . COVID-19 death characteristics for Chicago residents. 2020. Available https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/covid-19/home/latest-data.html (accessed 18 Apr 2020).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, lower-paid workers (where BAME groups are disproportionately represented)-particularly in the service sector (eg, food, cleaning or delivery services)-are much more likely to be designated as key workers and thereby are still required to go to work and rely on public transport for doing so.All these increase their exposure to the virus.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lower socio-economic groups have a higher exposure to poor quality or unaffordable, insecure housing and therefore have a higher rate of negative health consequences.35”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with existing chronic conditions (eg, cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD)) are less likely to receive treatment and diagnosis as health services are overwhelmed by dealing with the pandemic.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just like the 1918 influenza pandemic (which had severe impacts on economic performance and increased poverty rates), the COVID-19 crisis will have huge economic, social and-ultimately-health consequences.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minority ethnic groups, people living in areas of higher socioeconomic deprivation, those in poverty and other marginalised groups (such as homeless people, prisoners and street-based sex workers) generally have a greater number of coexisting NCDs, which are more severe and experienced at at a younger age.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to contain houses of multiple occupation and smaller houses with a lack of outside space, as well as have higher population densities (particularly in deprived urban areas) and lower access to communal green space.27”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27] Bambra C . Health divides: where you live can kill you . Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous research has found that sudden economic shocks (like the collapse of communism in the early 1990s and the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 41 ) lead to increases in morbidity, mental ill health, suicide and death from alcohol and substance use.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Stuckler D , Basu S . The body economic. why austerity kills . London: Thomas Allen, 2013.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, the health consequences of the COVID-19 economic crisis are likely to be similarly unequally distributed-exacerbating heath inequalities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic is magnified because of the pre-existing epidemics of chronic disease-which are themselves socially patterned and associated with the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the Gypsy/Roma community-one of the most marginalised minority groups in Europe-has a smoking rate that is two to three times the European average and increased rates of respiratory diseases (such as COPD) and other COVID-19 risk factors.29”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] European commission . Roma health report: health status of the Roma population in the member states of the European union . Brussels: European Commission, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These will likely increase COVID-19 transmission rates-as was the case with H1N1 where strong associations were found with urbanity.13”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These state-imposed restrictionsusually requiring the government to take on emergency powershave been implemented to varying levels of severity, but all have in common a significant increase in social isolation and confinement within the home and immediate neighbourhood.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reduced access to healthcare-before and during the outbreak -contributes to inequalities in chronic disease and is also likely to lead to worse outcomes from COVID-19 in more disadvantaged areas and marginalised communities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems likely that there will be a post-COVID-19 global economic slumpwhich could make the health equity situation even worse, particularly if health-damaging policies of austerity are implemented again.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
“Only 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most countries failed to pursue traditional public health surveillance measures and were forced to implement lockdowns.
“While traditional public health surveillance measures of contact tracing and individual quarantine were successfully pursued by some countries (most notably by South Korea and Germany) as a way of tackling the virus in the early stages, most other countries failed to do so, and governments worldwide were eventually forced to implement mass quarantine measures -in the form of lockdowns.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“What we do know with more certainty is that times of crisis or periods of austerity are likely to disadvantage entire cohorts/generations [60], but that this will amplify prior forms of exclusion and marginalisation [3].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conclusion attributes 1918 inequalities to COVID-19
MinorThe conclusion says inequalities both then and now arose through COVID-19. Earlier, the paper identifies the historical inequalities as occurring during the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, not the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Both then and now, these inequalities have emerged through the syndemic nature of COVID-19-as it interacts with and exacerbates existing social inequalities in chronic disease and the social determinants of health.”
“More recent studies have confirmed Sydenstricker's early findings: there were significant inequalities in the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic.”
Citations
Cites
Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health
Marmot, M. G., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A. J., & Taylor, S. A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6 · Cited by 8,473
Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 Years of inquiry
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601 · Cited by 3,334 · cited 1×
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stresses of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression [36].”
BackgroundAlmond, D. (2006) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/507154 · Cited by 1,190 · cited 1×
“There is also some evidence from the USA that the pandemic had long term impacts on child health and development [11].”
BackgroundMurray, C. J., Lopez, A. D., Chin, B., Feehan, D., & Hill, K. H. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69895-4 · Cited by 605 · cited 4×
“For example, India had a mortality rate 40 times higher than Denmark and the mortality rate was 20 times higher in some South American countries than in Europe.4 In Norway, mortality rates were highest among the working-class districts of Oslo5; in the USA, they were highest among the unemployed and the urban poor in…”
BackgroundInfluentialGibson, M., Petticrew, M., Bambra, C., Sowden, A. J., Wright, K. E., & Whitehead, M. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.011 · Cited by 539 · cited 2×
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntroduction to Syndemics: A Critical Systems Approach to Public and Community Health
Singer, M. C. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 537
(1996) · Free inquiry in creative sociology · Cited by 516
Chen, J. T., & Krieger, N. R. (2020) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000001263 · Cited by 487
Clinical Features Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients With Viral Pneumonia: The MuLBSTA Score
Guo, L., Wei, D., Zhang, X., Wu, Y., Li, Q. Y., Zhou, M., & Qu, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02752 · Cited by 412
Gkiouleka, A., Huijts, T., Beckfield, J., & Bambra, C. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.025 · Cited by 319
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Holst, H., Fessler, A., & Niehoff, S. (2020) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2020.1828979 · Cited by 62
“On the other hand, studies based on public health data, have shown that socio-economic position also impacts corona-related health risks (Bambra et al. 2020).”
BackgroundImpact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Black Communities in Canada
Kemei, J., Tulli-Shah, M., Olanlesi-Aliu, A., Tunde‐Byass, M., & Salami, B. O. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021580 · Cited by 73
“Historically, social inequalities determine the impacts of pandemics on the population [9,10], such as disproportionate economic hardships for lower-income people [11].”
BackgroundGleeson, D., Townsend, B., Tenni, B. F., & Phillips, T. (2023) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103051 · Cited by 62
Integrated Health and Social Care in the United States: A Decade of Policy Progress
Sandhu, S., Sharma, A. R., Cholera, R., & Bettger, J. P. (2021) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.5687 · Cited by 77
Malta, D. C., Gomes, C. S., da Silva, A. G., et al. (2021) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232021267.00602021 · Cited by 60
The second pandemic: Examining structural inequality through reverberations of COVID-19 in Europe
Fiske, A., Galasso, I., Eichinger, J., et al. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114634 · Cited by 60
“For example, many lower-paid, essential workers (eg., food, cleaning, delivery services) were required to keep working in person, resulting in greater risk of exposure for themselves, their families, and others at the work place or using public transport (Bambra et al., 2020, 2021).”
Geweniger, A., Barth, M., Haddad, A. D. M., Högl, H., Insan, S., Mund, A., & Langer, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.759066 · Cited by 61
“COVID-19 has already been described as a syndemic, a term which acknowledges the complex interaction of pre-existing conditions, social and biological factors and calls for an integrated approach in response to the pandemic (52, 53).”
BackgroundImpacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychological Well-Being of Older Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Chan, A. S. W., Ho, J. M. C., Li, J. S. F., Tam, H. L., & Tang, P. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.666973 · Cited by 61
Watkinson, R., Williams, R., Gillibrand, S., Sanders, C., & Sutton, M. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003932 · Cited by 52
“The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected people with pre-existing socioeconomic and health disadvantages, with wide inequalities in COVID-19 mortality driven by socially patterned risk factors for both SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent severe COVID19 disease [1].”
BackgroundMorris, S. L., Gibson, K., Wildman, J. M., et al. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-07616-z · Cited by 58
“Exacerbated inequalities witnessed during the COVID19 pandemic in the UK and the unequal distribution of COVID-19 infection and mortality [28] create cause for concern amongst already vulnerable clients of social prescribing interventions.”
BackgroundOvercrowding and COVID-19 mortality across U.S. counties: Are disparities growing over time?
Kamis, C., Stolte, A., West, J. S., Fishman, S. H., Brown, T., Brown, T. H., & Farmer, H. R. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100845 · Cited by 57
“This led to early naive reports that the virus was a socially neutral, non-discriminatory disease (Bambra et al., 2020).”
Hu, N., Nassar, N., Shrapnel, J., Perkes, I. E., Hodgins, M., O’Leary, F., Trudgett, C., Eapen, V., Woolfenden, S. R., Knight, K., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100311 · Cited by 59
Jain, R., & Pascaline Dupas, Y. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114762 · Cited by 58
“These results indicate that a universal lockdown policy is likely to have larger adverse effects on already vulnerable subpopulations, consistent with the literature on the unequal distribution of both direct and indirect effects of the pandemic (Bambra et al., 2020; Cash and Patel, 2020; Marmot and Allen, 2020).”
Wahrendorf, M., Rupprecht, C. J., Dortmann, O., Scheider, M., & Dragano, N. (2021) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-021-03280-6 · Cited by 57
Social Inequality and Solidarity in Times of COVID-19
Stok, F. M., Bal, M., Yerkes, M. A., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126339 · Cited by 63
“As with previous global pandemics [11], the burdens of the COVID-19 pandemic are not distributed equally.”
Housing and health: an updated glossary
Mansour, A., Bentley, R., Baker, E., Li, A., Martino, E., Clair, A., Daniel, L., Mishra, S. R., Howard, N. J., Phibbs, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2022-219085 · Cited by 58
Data-Driven Assessment of Adolescents’ Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bilu, Y., Flaks‐Manov, N., Bivas‐Benita, M., Akiva, P., Kalkstein, N., Yehezkelli, Y., Mizrahi-Reuveni, M., Ekka-Zohar, A., David, S. S. B., Lerner, U., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.12.026 · Cited by 63
“Previous studies of pandemics have shown that such events often widen health inequalities in society and have a greater impact on socially disadvantaged groups.(31) A recent systematic review has shown that inequality factors such as female sex and young age were likely to increase risk for adverse mental health outco…”
BackgroundHabitability, Resilience, and Satisfaction in Mexican Homes to COVID-19 Pandemic
Torres, M. J., Portillo, M. A., Cuerdo-Vilches, T., Oteiza, I., & Navas-Martín, M. Á. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136993 · Cited by 72
“Space design issues, such as the number of windows, the number of m2 per occupant, and the distribution of spaces, have been a determining factor for contagion among the inhabitants of the same house, and have affected their capacities to telework and tele-study during this confinement period [20,21].”
BackgroundPrimary Care Clinicians as COVID-19 Vaccine Ambassadors
Katzman, J. G., & Katzman, J. W. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211007026 · Cited by 57
“The many common concerns include: (1) safety and efficacy concerns related to the “warp speed” of vaccine development for this novel virus, (2) the possibility of short and long term side effects, (3) unclear long term efficacy, (4) minority populations not being an integral part of the clinical trials, (5) historical…”
BackgroundLevelling up: Global examples of reducing health inequalities
Bambra, C. L. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211022428 · Cited by 66
“The COVID-19 crisis has also exacerbated these trends [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAddressing the socioeconomic divide in computational modeling for infectious diseases
Tizzoni, M., Nsoesie, E. O., Gauvin, L., Karsai, M., Perra, N., & Bansal, S. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30688-8 · Cited by 48
Thompson, K., Dutton, D. J., McNabb, K., Liu, T., Blades, S., & Asbridge, M. (2021) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.41.9.02 · Cited by 56
Lester, S. E., Khatwa, M., & Sutcliffe, K. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105429 · Cited by 59
Ridde, V., Gautier, L., Dagenais, C., Chabrol, F., Hou, R., Bonnet, E., David, P., Cloos, P., Duhoux, A., Lucet, J., et al. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00707-z · Cited by 63
“Several studies have shown that during the COVID19 pandemic, social adversities such as poor living and working conditions have accumulated for certain social categories [12].”
BackgroundLalwani, P. J., Salgado, B. B., Filho, I. V. P., da Silva, D. S. S., de Morais, T. B. D. N., Jordão, M. F., Barbosa, A. R. C., Cordeiro, I. B., Neto, J. N. D. S., de Assunção, E. N., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.017 · Cited by 60
Arab, R. A. E., Somerville, J. G., Abuadas, F. H. A., Rubinat, E., & Sagbakken, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1145002 · Cited by 54
“Due to overcrowding, lack of access to clean water and sanitation, and inadequate medical care, there is a high risk of transmission of the SARS-Cov-2 virus (7).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain)
Aguilar‐Palacio, I., Maldonado, L., Malo, S., Sánchez‐Recio, R., Marcos-Campos, I., Botaya, R. M., & Rabanaque, M. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126607 · Cited by 55
“Finally, we must not overlook the fact that a post-COVID scenario will probably lead to a new global economic crisis, especially if austerity measures are implemented again [14,40].”
BackgroundKim, S. Y., & Yeniova, A. Ö. (2022) · Life Cycle · doi:10.54724/lc.2022.e10 · Cited by 57
“These results support the prior reports on the economic inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic.[14-16] These results must be interpreted cautiously because one country comes forward with its measures of WHO COVID-19 Dashboard and socio-demoghraphic features.”
BackgroundResultZhuhadar, L., & Lytras, M. D. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151813484 · Cited by 70
Jaljaa, A., Caminada, S., Tosti, M. E., D’Angelo, F., Angelozzi, A., Isonne, C., Marchetti, G., Mazzalai, E., Giannini, D., Turatto, F., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12466-1 · Cited by 52
“work shows that the pandemic has widened pre-existing social health inequalities [84, 85] and that, especially since COVID-19 is a global contagious disease, there is “No Public Health without Refugee and Migrant Health” [9].”
BackgroundMarchi, M., Magarini, F. M., Chiarenza, A., Galeazzi, G. M., Paloma, V., Garrido, R., Ioannidi, E., Vassilikou, K., de Matos, M. G., Gaspar, T., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13370-y · Cited by 51
“symptoms” to question 19) is supporting that hypothesis [55, 56].”
BackgroundFowler‐Davis, S., Platts, K., Thelwell, M., Woodward, A., & Harrop, D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259533 · Cited by 51
“long Covid may affect 10% of the UK population but a far higher number of people who had Covid were from the worst deprived communities [86] suggesting that long Covid will similarly be distributed and may lead to significant inequalities of service provision.”
BackgroundAusterity Redux: The Post‐pandemic Wave of Budget Cuts and the Future of Global Public Health
Kentikelenis, A., & Stubbs, T. (2021) · Global Policy · doi:10.1111/1758-5899.13028 · Cited by 53
Meurisse, M., Lajot, A., Devleesschauwer, B., Cauteren, D. V., Oyen, H. J. V., den Borre, L. V., & Brondeel, R. (2022) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-022-00856-9 · Cited by 47
“, concentration in low occupation jobs, in which people are more exposed to precarious working conditions associated with an increased risk of infection [12, 46, 47], or through differences in health literacy [48–50].”
BackgroundCOVID-19: A Syndemic Requiring an Integrated Approach for Marginalized Populations
Caron, R. M., & Adegboye, A. R. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.675280 · Cited by 51
“(21) argue, and we agree, that for marginalized populations, COVID-19 is experienced as a syndemic that interacts with and exacerbates their pre-existing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and social conditions.”
BackgroundInfluentialSociodemographic determinants of intraurban variations in COVID-19 incidence: the case of Barcelona
López‐Gay, A., Spijker, J., Cole, H. V. S., Marques, A. G., Mas, M. T., Anguelovski, I., Marí-Dell’Olmo, M., Cabrerizo, J. A. M., Álamo-Junquera, D., López‐Gallego, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-216325 · Cited by 57
Intimate Partner Violence against Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain
Vives‐Cases, C., Parra‐Casado, D. L., Estévez, J. F., Torrubiano-Domínguez, J., & Sanz‐Barbero, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094698 · Cited by 48
On social health: history, conceptualization, and population patterning
Doyle, D. M., & Link, B. G. (2024) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2024.2314506 · Cited by 65
“Importantly, what the example of approaches to COVID-19 control suggests is that while social, mental, and physical health are often intertwined, there are situations in which e ff ects of interventions and behaviours on each of the three components may be separable (for a summary of other such examples, see Table 3),…”
InfluentialWorking conditions and health in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic: Minding the gap
Salas‐Nicás, S., Moncada, S., Llorens, C., & Navarro, A. (2020) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105064 · Cited by 49
The inverse care law and the potential of primary care in deprived areas
Mercer, S. W., Patterson, J., Robson, J. P., Smith, S. M., Walton, E., & Watt, G. C. M. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00317-2 · Cited by 50
Bajos, N., Counil, É., Franck, J.-E., Jusot, F., Pailhé, A., Spire, A., Martin, C., Lydié, N., Slama, R., Meyer, L., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052888 · Cited by 47
Ottoni, C. A., Winters, M., & Sims‐Gould, J. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102844 · Cited by 58
Lotfata, A., Moosazadeh, M., Helbich, M., & Hoseini, B. (2023) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-023-00343-6 · Cited by 52
“Additionally, area-level asthma data are likely spatially patterned [40].”
BackgroundJames, D., Bowness, E., Robin, T., McIntyre, A. M., Dring, C. C., Desmarais, A. A., & Wittman, H. K. (2021) · Journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.019 · Cited by 49
Petersen, J. A., Naish, C., Ghoneim, D., Cabaj, J., Doyle–Baker, P. K., & McCormack, G. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094441 · Cited by 53
“Governments and health authorities need to consider how public health restrictions are contributing to unequal social, health, financial and economic experiences during the pandemic [68].”
BackgroundSpencer, N. J., Markham, W. A., Johnson, S. A., Arpin, E., Nathawad, R., Gunnlaugsson, G., Homaira, N., Rubio, M. L. M., & Trujillo, C. J. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10071013 · Cited by 47
“While the review found evidence of greater inequity in coverage among children less than 18 months old compared with other age groups and inequity between MICs and HICs, there were too few studies to judge the strength of the evidence, which remains inconclusive.”
BackgroundInfluentialGurney, C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/19491247.2021.1971033 · Cited by 52
“They are estimated to account for 40% of all deaths annually in uSA and are closely associated with the broader social determinants of health since they tend to reinforce inequalities located in the social structure (Bambra et al., 2020).”
Coyer, L., Boyd, A. C., Schinkel, J., Agyemang, C. O., Galenkamp, H., Koopman, A. D. M., Leenstra, T., van Duijnhoven, Y. T. H. P., van Charante, E. P. M., van den Born, B. H., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100284 · Cited by 46
“1,2,9,10 Much of the insight into ethnic differences in SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses and its determinants have relied on more specific cross-sectional studies or routine surveillance data, the latter of which are subject to changing SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity and policy and varying proportions of…”
Park, S., Lee, S. H., Yaroch, A. L., & Blanck, H. M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030526 · Cited by 51
“Stress is undoubtedly more pronounced in people of color during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the disproportionate stress might occur partially because of existing inequities experienced at the population level [33].”
BackgroundChina's energy stock market jumps: To what extent does the COVID-19 pandemic play a part?
Tong, Y., Wan, N., Dai, X., Bi, X., & Wang, Q. (2022) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105937 · Cited by 45
COVID-19 puts the Sustainable Development Goals center stage
Ottersen, O. P., & Engebretsen, E. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1094-y · Cited by 46
Glodeanu, A., Gullón, P., & Bilal, U. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102580 · Cited by 48
Spatial inequality through the prism of a pandemic: Covid-19 in South Africa
Shifa, M., David, A., & Leibbrandt, M. (2021) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00949 · Cited by 46
Aftermath on COVID-19 technological and socioeconomic changes: A meta-analytic review
Yao, X., Xu, Z., Škare, M., & Wang, X. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123322 · Cited by 51
Vanthomme, K., Gadeyne, S., Lusyne, P., & Vandenheede, H. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100797 · Cited by 45
da Cunha, A. R., Velasco, S. R. M., Hugo, F. N., & Antunes, J. L. F. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720210028 · Cited by 51
McGowan, V. J., Lowther-Payne, H. J., & Meads, C. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050092 · Cited by 46
Inequalities in healthcare use during the COVID-19 pandemic
Frey, A., Tilstra, A. M., & Verhagen, M. D. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45720-2 · Cited by 52
“…the pandemic disproportionately impacted health use among marginalised population groups in an otherwise equitable healthcare system, we contribute to a growing body of literature on the unequal nature of the COVID-19 pandemic that goes beyond its direct tollonmortalityanddiseaseburden 36 – 39 .”
Walker, R., Usher, K. J., Jackson, D. W., Reid, C. L., Hopkins, K. D., Shepherd, C., Smallwood, R., & Marriott, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042141 · Cited by 44
“Communities living in poverty, such as Indigenous communities, have high rates of underlying health conditions, poor access to healthcare and life circumstances that make self-isolation difficult [6,7].”
BackgroundSuarez-Lopez, J. R., Cairns, M. R., Sripada, K., Quirós-Alcalá, L., Mielke, H. W., Eskenazi, B., Etzel, R. A., & Kordas, K. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111160 · Cited by 43
The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Population Ageing
Harper, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-021-09330-w · Cited by 47
Decolonising global health by decolonising academic publishing
Khan, S. A. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007811 · Cited by 45
A Case-Control Study of Contextual Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
Leite, A., Leão, T. I. C., Soares, P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.772782 · Cited by 42
Schippers, M. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Joffe, A. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.950965 · Cited by 51
Armocida, B., Monasta, L., Sawyer, S. M., Bustreo, F., Onder, G., Castelpietra, G., Pricci, F., Minardi, V., Giacomozzi, C., Abbafati, C., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2023.1606491 · Cited by 44
Dias, S., Gama, A. F., Maia, A. C., Marques, M. J., Fernandes, A. C., Goes, A. R., Loureiro, I., & Osborne, R. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.639405 · Cited by 42
Benita, F., & Gasca-Sanchez, F. M. (2021) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102523 · Cited by 42
“For instance, Bambra et al. (2020) documented how the exacerbated existing social inequalities in the country have translated to higher infection rates and mortality among the most disadvantaged communities.”
Stachteas, P., Symvoulakis, M., Τσάπας, Α., & Smyrnakis, Ε. (2022) · Population Medicine · doi:10.18332/popmed/152606 · Cited by 44
COVID-19, Mental Health, and Chronic Illnesses: A Syndemic Perspective
Saqib, K., Qureshi, A. S., & Butt, Z. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043262 · Cited by 46
“The COVID-19 pandemic has evolved into an extreme kind of syndemic, a pansyndemic [116], which has exposed inequities by increased disease burden and death compressed within a short time span globally [71].”
BackgroundAnxiety and Worries among Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multilevel Analysis
Esteban‐Gonzalo, S., Caballero-Galilea, M., Pascual, J. L. G., Navidad, M. Á., & Esteban‐Gonzalo, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136875 · Cited by 44
Gray, B. J., Kyle, R. G., Song, J., & Davies, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-216030 · Cited by 38
Occupations and their impact on the spreading of COVID-19 in urban communities
Hâncean, M.-G., Lerner, J., Perc, M., Oană, I., Bunaciu, D.-A., Stoica, A. A., & Ghiță, M.-C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18392-5 · Cited by 41
Cold comfort: Covid-19, lockdown and the coping strategies of fuel poor households
Ambrose, A., Baker, W., Sherriff, G., et al. (2021) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.175 · Cited by 41
Maximova, K., Khan, M. K. A., Dabravolskaj, J., Maunula, L., Ohinmaa, A. E., & Veugelers, P. J. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.10.007 · Cited by 43
“224 (20) 402 (37) 197 (18) 164 (15) 108 (10)”
BackgroundCowden, R. G., Rueger, S. Y., Davis, E. B., Counted, V., Kent, B. V., Chen, Y., VanderWeele, T. J., Rim, M., Lemke, A. W., & Worthington, E. L. (2021) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2021.1948000 · Cited by 42
“…suffering due to resource loss in economic, interpersonal, and psychological domains are consistent with literature that has discussed the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on almost all aspects of human life (Bambra et al., 2020; Beck & Hensher, 2020; Gruber et al., 2021; Wakam et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBasto-Abreu, A. C., Carnalla, M., Torres‐Ibarra, L., Martínez, M. R., Martínez-Barnetche, J., López-Martı́nez, I., Aparicio‐Antonio, R., Shamah‐Levy, T., Alpuche-Aranda, C. M., Rivera, J. Á., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28232-9 · Cited by 42
Protocol: Remote care as the ‘new normal’? Multi-site case study in UK general practice
Greenhalgh, T., Shaw, S. E., Nishio, A. A., Booth, A., Byng, R., Clarke, A., Dakin, F., Davies, R., Faulkner, S. D., Hemmings, N., et al. (2022) · NIHR Open Research · doi:10.3310/nihropenres.13289.1 · Cited by 40
“SARS-CoV-2 produced a syndemic as well as a pandemic – i.e. it exacerbated, and was exacerbated by, social and economic inequities 54 .”
BackgroundO’Sullivan, L., Aldasoro, E., O’Brien, Á., Nolan, M., McGovern, C., & Carroll, Á. M. (2022) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-022-00806-8 · Cited by 53
“Application of the principle of equity and social justice The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a range of social inequalities from crowded living conditions, barriers to accessing healthcare and COVID-19 testing, lowerpaid workers having higher rates of exposure, higher rates of transmission of infection for those using…”
BackgroundDutta, D., Liu, J., & Xiong, H. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 38
Neuen, B. L., Bello, A. K., Levin, A., Lunney, M., Osman, M. A., Ye, F., Ashuntantang, G., Bellorín-Font, E., Gharbi, M. B., Davison, S. N., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001467 · Cited by 40
“COVID-19 has further exposed and amplified healthcare inequalities, [14] with people living with CKD, especially those with kidney failure, at much greater risk of serious morbidity and mortality [15].”
BackgroundSingh, K., Kaushik, A., Johnson, L. C. M., Jaganathan, S., Jarhyan, P., Deepa, M., Kong, S. T.-J., Venkateshmurthy, N. S., Kondal, D., Mohan, S., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048926 · Cited by 48
“…cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia (CARRS)- Surveillance Study 15 and UDAY (A Comprehensive Diabetes and Hypertension Prevention and Management Program In India) 16 ) from four sites: Delhi, Haryana, Vizag and Chennai were invited and chose to participate in an in-depth phone interview.”
BackgroundInfluentialBiomarkers of ageing and frailty may predict COVID-19 severity
Wanhella, K. J., & Fernández-Patrón, C. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101513 · Cited by 40
“and immunosuppression, which predominantly affect older individuals and may interact to increase susceptibility to severe COVID-19 (Bambra, 2016; Bambra et al., 2020; England, 2018; Guo et al., 2019) likely”
Trends in Racial Discrimination Experiences for Asian Americans During the COVID-19 Pandemic
McGarity‐Palmer, R., Saw, A., Tsoh, J. Y., & Horse, A. J. Y. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01508-y · Cited by 40
Saulnier, D. D., Duchenko, A., Ottilie‐Kovelman, S., Tediosi, F., & Blanchet, K. (2022) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6659 · Cited by 42
A Critical Inquiry into the Value of Systems Thinking in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis
Haley, D., Paucar‐Caceres, A., & Schlindwein, S. L. (2021) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems9010013 · Cited by 41
“The devised management strategies to control the pandemic have thrown the majority of countries into economic recession and exacerbated existing social problems such as health care access, [8], unemployment, and inequality [9], revealing the profound cracks”
BackgroundPolisena, J., Ospina, M. B., Sanni, O. B., Matenchuk, B. A., Livergant, R., Amjad, S., Zoric, I., Haddad, N., Morrison, A., Wilson, K. R., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046177 · Cited by 41
Physical activity and its relationship with COVID-19 cases and deaths: Analysis of U.S. counties
Cunningham, G. B. (2021) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.03.008 · Cited by 43
“This discussion also points to just one of the many ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities and health disparities.(55,56) The results presented here offer empirical evidence of the benefits of county-level PA during a pandemic.”
BackgroundA hazai COVID-19-járványhullámok területi különbségei
Uzzoli, A., Kovács, S. Z., Páger, B., et al. (2021) · Területi Statisztika · doi:10.15196/ts610302 · Cited by 39
Norman, C., Wildman, J. M., & Sowden, S. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168689 · Cited by 40
“As noted by the practitioners in our research, pre-existing vulnerability to the disease may be higher, due to increased rates of underlying health conditions such as smoking-related respiratory disease and hypertension [1].”
BackgroundInequities in the distribution of COVID-19: an adaptation of WHO's conceptual framework
Vásquez-Vera, H., León-Gómez, B. B., Borrell, C., Jacques‐Aviñó, C., López, M. J., Medina‐Perucha, L., Pasarín, M., Sánchez, E., & Pérez, K. (2021) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.004 · Cited by 39
Canfell, O. J., Davidson, K., Woods, L. S., Sullivan, C. M., Cocoros, N. M., Klompas, M., Zambarano, B., Eakin, E., Littlewood, R., & Burton‐Jones, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.854525 · Cited by 43
“We are now living amidst a global syndemic—a synergy of three parallel, co-occurring epidemics—of NCDs, social inequity and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which is highlighting the limitations of traditional public health models to address burgeoning risk factors and disease (3–6).”
BackgroundSocioeconomically Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Face Increased Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Clusters
Ridder, D. D., Sandoval, J. L., Vuilleumier, N., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.626090 · Cited by 38
“Public health attention and locally tailored interventions are required in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities to prevent the intersectionality of these multiple aspects of disadvantage further compounding the risk of infection, the risk of serious illness and thus, of mortality (3, 11, 12).”
BackgroundMorais, R. L. D. S., Magalhães, L. D. C., Nobre, J. N. P., Pinto, P. A. F., Neves, K. D. R., & Carvalho, A. M. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101619 · Cited by 38
Schofield, J., Dumbrell, J., Matheson, C., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12873-y · Cited by 38
“These mirrored experiences across the world, [1, 20, 21] and are supported by emerging quantitative research in Scotland [22].”
BackgroundLes inégalités sociales au temps du COVID-19
Bajos, N., Warszawski, J., Pailhé, A., Counil, É., Jusot, F., Spire, A., Martin, C., Meyer, L., Sireyjol, A., Franck, J.-E., et al. (2020) · Questions de santé publique · doi:10.1051/qsp/2020040 · Cited by 51
“Les inégalités sociales enregistrées en matière d’exposition potentielle au virus éclairent les différences de mortalité selon le lieu de résidence et l’origine enregistrées en France [10] et dans de nombreux pays [11, 12].”
Healthcare system resilience and adaptability to pandemic disruptions in the United States
Lu, Z., Lopez, D., Pei, S., & Gao, J. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03103-6 · Cited by 40
“These disparities are likely rooted in socioeconomic inequalities that Black and Hispanic communities typically encounter greater obstacles in accessing healthcare services, particularly during external disruptions 44,45 .”
Batista, S. R., de Souza, A. S. S., Nogueira, J., de Andrade, F. B., Thumé, E., Teixeira, D. S. D. C., Lima-Costa, M. F., Facchini, L. A., & Nunes, B. P. (2020) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00196120 · Cited by 44
Joannès, C., Redmond, N. M., Kelly‐Irving, M., Klinkenberg, J., Guillemot, C., Sordes, F., Delpierre, C., Neufcourt, L., Basson, J.-C., Grégory, B., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16280-9 · Cited by 41
Mude, W., Mwenyango, H., Preston, R., O’Mullan, C., Vaughan, G. A., & Jones, G. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04139-4 · Cited by 38
“These responses have exacerbated the profound systemic health inequities that have characterised the global response to HIV [13], compounding vulnerabilities and increasing the risk of new HIV transmissions.”
BackgroundHealth-system equity, egalitarian democracy and COVID-19 outcomes: An empirical analysis
Vadlamannati, K. C., Cooray, A. V., & de Soysa, I. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494820982106 · Cited by 36
“Apparently, Scandinavian-style welfare states can afford to fight neoliberal pandemics due to state– society dynamics associated with a strong welfare state and high social capital [9].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bambra, Clare
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-06-13
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 964-968
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC7298201
- OpenAlex
- W3034285292
- Cited by
- 2,118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 216 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 364 · 2022: 508 · 2021: 454 · 2020: 80
- FWCI
- 174.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR200173)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, syndemic, social determinants of health, socioeconomic disparities, ethnic inequality, regional disparities, economic impact of lockdown, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Socioeconomic Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Pandemics, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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