The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities
Open accessAbstract
This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemic pandemic . It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.
Overview
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
17 of 50 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Similarly, access to healthcare is lower in disadvantaged and marginalised communities-even in universal healthcare systems.32”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] Todd A , Copeland A , Kasim A , et al. Access all areas? An area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy and primary care distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007328. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007328 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) report the opposite pattern for the access this study measured: a higher proportion of people in England’s most deprived areas live within a 20-minute walk of a GP premises. The Discussion’s principal findings likewise say GP-premises accessibility was highest in the most deprived areas. The paper measures proximity to GP premises and pharmacies, not healthcare access in general or access among all marginalised communities. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and across Sweden, there were inequalities in mortality between the highest and lowest occupational classes -particularly among men.7”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] source
The Discussion reports social-class differences in excess mortality during the July 1918–June 1919 pandemic and says they were larger among men than women. The Regression results likewise identify low-skilled men as having the highest excess mortality and farmers the lowest; the paper does not claim a uniform class gradient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, countries with smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities, such as New Zealand, did not experience any socio-economic inequalities in mortality.8 9”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] Rice G , Bryder L . Black november: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand . Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 2005.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [9] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Univariate results, page unavailable) show no significant trend in mortality risk by occupational class among New Zealand military personnel; the paper also reports no significant occupational-class association in its fully adjusted model. But it does not establish that New Zealand had smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities or that the country experienced no socioeconomic inequalities in pandemic mortality. The study was restricted to New Zealand military personnel in the Northern Hemisphere, so the claim generalizes beyond its population. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Another study found positive associations between people with financial issues (eg, financial barriers to healthcare access) and influenza-like illnesses during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in the USA.15”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] source
The COMMENT section (page not provided) reports that respondents with financial barriers to healthcare were more likely to report influenza-like illness, even after adjustment for age, medical conditions, and employment. This directly supports the cited association in the US pandemic study. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, globally, Mexico experienced a higher mortality rate than that in higher-income countries.12”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Discussion states that Mexico had higher 2009 pandemic-related mortality rates than the United States, Europe, or Australia. It also compares an estimated 11.1 deaths per 100,000 in Mexico with 4 per 100,000 in the United States. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Various studies on cyclical winter influenza in North America have also found associations between mortality, morbidity and symptom severity and socio-economic status among adults and children.16 17”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that influenza-related hospitalizations increased as neighborhood socioeconomic status decreased among adults in New Haven County across four seasons. The Introduction also reports an earlier Connecticut finding for children. These passages support an association with hospitalization, but not the claimed associations with mortality or symptom severity across North America. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, old-age pensions in the UK were protected from austerity cuts after the GFC and research has suggested that this prevented health inequalities increasing amongst the older population.45”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion say UK pensioners were largely protected from austerity and suggest that maintaining these benefits may explain why the mental-health gap did not widen in the study’s older cohort. The Conclusion limits that finding to an 18-month study of the most and least deprived neighbourhoods of Stockton-on-Tees; it does not establish that pension protection prevented health inequalities from increasing among the UK’s older population generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Introduction describes housing and neighbourhood conditions as an upstream determinant that plays a role in health inequalities. The Abstract also calls them important social determinants of health. Together, these passages support the citing sentence's broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stress of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression.36”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that chronic stressors, including unemployment and caregiving, were associated with reduced function on almost all immune measures examined. The Discussion describes the most chronic stressors as associated with broad immunosuppression. The paper does not establish material and psychological deprivation as distinct categories of stressor, so that specificity goes beyond its findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Likewise, there is increasing evidence that living in disadvantaged environments may produce a sense of powerlessness and collective threat among residents, leading to chronic stressors that, in time, damage health.39”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
Section 3.3 (Meso/community level theories; page not provided) states that disadvantaged living environments may produce collective threat and powerlessness, which act as chronic stressors damaging health over time. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Housing also impacts health inequalities materially through costs (eg, as a result of high rents) and psychosocially through insecurity (eg, short-term leases).34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says housing tenure may affect health psychosocially: home ownership may provide greater security than renting, while debt may cause anxiety. It does not identify high rents as a material pathway or short-term leases as the source of insecurity, and it qualifies the tenure effect rather than asserting it outright. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, exposure to poor quality housing is associated with certain health outcomes, for example, damp housing can lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma while overcrowding can result in higher infection rates and increased risk of injury from household accidents.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says cold and damp housing may cause or exacerbate respiratory conditions, and that some housing-related hazards can cause injuries. The Results identify overcrowding as a housing-risk category, but the passages do not link it specifically to higher infection rates or household-accident injuries. The paper also does not specifically identify asthma as an outcome of damp housing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, inequalities in premature mortality and infant mortality by income and ethnicity in the USA decreased during the period of welfare expansion in the USA ('war on poverty' era 1966 to 1980), but they increased again during the Reagan-Bush period (1980-2002) when welfare services and healthcare coverage were cut.46”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Post-treatment reduction of clinical risk’ and ‘Duration of Follow-Up’ sections discuss antimalarial treatment trials, not US mortality inequalities. Searches for premature and infant mortality by income and ethnicity, the war on poverty, and the Reagan–Bush period found no passage addressing the claimed trends. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“COVID-19 has laid bare our longstanding social, economic and political inequalities -even before the COVID-19 pandemic, life expectancy amongst the poorest groups was already declining in the UK and the USA and health inequalities in some European countries have been increasing over the last decade.50”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Forster T , Kentikelenis A , Bambra C . Health inequalities in Europe: setting the stage for progressive policy action, Foundation for European Progressive Studies and the Think Tank for Action on Social Change (TASC). 2018. Available https://www.feps-europe.eu/component/attachments/attachments.html?task=attachment&id=168 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Healthier but Still Unequal” section (page not provided) reports widening life-expectancy gaps in Denmark and in England between 2010 and 2015, supporting the claim that health inequalities increased in some European countries before COVID-19. It does not establish that life expectancy itself declined among the poorest groups in the UK or USA; the search for that claim found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The international literature demonstrates that there were inequalities in prevalence and mortality rates: between high-income and low-income countries, more and less affluent neighbourhoods, higher and lower socio-economic groups, and urban and rural areas.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These health impacts were not shared equally though-areas of the UK with higher unemployment rates had greater increases in suicide rates and inequalities in mental health increased with people living in the most deprived areas experiencing the largest increases in psychiatric morbidity and self-harm.43”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic is occurring against a backdrop of social and economic inequalities in existing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as well as inequalities in the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With regard to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19, data from England and Wales have found that people who are black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) accounted for 34.5% of 4873 critically ill COVID-19 patients (in the period ending April 16, 2020) and much higher than the 11.5% seen for viral pneumonia between 2017 and 2019.20”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre . Report on COVID-19 in critical care 17 April 2020 . London: Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in Chicago (in the period ending April 17, 2020), 59.2% of COVID-19 deaths were among black residents and the COVID-19 mortality rate for black Chicagoans was 34.8 per 100 000 population compared to 8.2 per 100 000 population among white residents.21”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] Chicago Department of Public Health . COVID-19 death characteristics for Chicago residents. 2020. Available https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/covid-19/home/latest-data.html (accessed 18 Apr 2020).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, lower-paid workers (where BAME groups are disproportionately represented)-particularly in the service sector (eg, food, cleaning or delivery services)-are much more likely to be designated as key workers and thereby are still required to go to work and rely on public transport for doing so.All these increase their exposure to the virus.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lower socio-economic groups have a higher exposure to poor quality or unaffordable, insecure housing and therefore have a higher rate of negative health consequences.35”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with existing chronic conditions (eg, cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD)) are less likely to receive treatment and diagnosis as health services are overwhelmed by dealing with the pandemic.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just like the 1918 influenza pandemic (which had severe impacts on economic performance and increased poverty rates), the COVID-19 crisis will have huge economic, social and-ultimately-health consequences.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minority ethnic groups, people living in areas of higher socioeconomic deprivation, those in poverty and other marginalised groups (such as homeless people, prisoners and street-based sex workers) generally have a greater number of coexisting NCDs, which are more severe and experienced at at a younger age.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to contain houses of multiple occupation and smaller houses with a lack of outside space, as well as have higher population densities (particularly in deprived urban areas) and lower access to communal green space.27”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27] Bambra C . Health divides: where you live can kill you . Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous research has found that sudden economic shocks (like the collapse of communism in the early 1990s and the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 41 ) lead to increases in morbidity, mental ill health, suicide and death from alcohol and substance use.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Stuckler D , Basu S . The body economic. why austerity kills . London: Thomas Allen, 2013.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, the health consequences of the COVID-19 economic crisis are likely to be similarly unequally distributed-exacerbating heath inequalities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic is magnified because of the pre-existing epidemics of chronic disease-which are themselves socially patterned and associated with the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the Gypsy/Roma community-one of the most marginalised minority groups in Europe-has a smoking rate that is two to three times the European average and increased rates of respiratory diseases (such as COPD) and other COVID-19 risk factors.29”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] European commission . Roma health report: health status of the Roma population in the member states of the European union . Brussels: European Commission, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These will likely increase COVID-19 transmission rates-as was the case with H1N1 where strong associations were found with urbanity.13”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These state-imposed restrictionsusually requiring the government to take on emergency powershave been implemented to varying levels of severity, but all have in common a significant increase in social isolation and confinement within the home and immediate neighbourhood.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reduced access to healthcare-before and during the outbreak -contributes to inequalities in chronic disease and is also likely to lead to worse outcomes from COVID-19 in more disadvantaged areas and marginalised communities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems likely that there will be a post-COVID-19 global economic slumpwhich could make the health equity situation even worse, particularly if health-damaging policies of austerity are implemented again.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
“Only 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most countries failed to pursue traditional public health surveillance measures and were forced to implement lockdowns.
“While traditional public health surveillance measures of contact tracing and individual quarantine were successfully pursued by some countries (most notably by South Korea and Germany) as a way of tackling the virus in the early stages, most other countries failed to do so, and governments worldwide were eventually forced to implement mass quarantine measures -in the form of lockdowns.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“What we do know with more certainty is that times of crisis or periods of austerity are likely to disadvantage entire cohorts/generations [60], but that this will amplify prior forms of exclusion and marginalisation [3].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conclusion attributes 1918 inequalities to COVID-19
MinorThe conclusion says inequalities both then and now arose through COVID-19. Earlier, the paper identifies the historical inequalities as occurring during the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, not the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Both then and now, these inequalities have emerged through the syndemic nature of COVID-19-as it interacts with and exacerbates existing social inequalities in chronic disease and the social determinants of health.”
“More recent studies have confirmed Sydenstricker's early findings: there were significant inequalities in the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic.”
Citations
Cites
Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health
Marmot, M. G., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A. J., & Taylor, S. A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6 · Cited by 8,473
Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 Years of inquiry
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601 · Cited by 3,334 · cited 1×
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stresses of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression [36].”
BackgroundAlmond, D. (2006) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/507154 · Cited by 1,190 · cited 1×
“There is also some evidence from the USA that the pandemic had long term impacts on child health and development [11].”
BackgroundMurray, C. J., Lopez, A. D., Chin, B., Feehan, D., & Hill, K. H. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69895-4 · Cited by 605 · cited 4×
“For example, India had a mortality rate 40 times higher than Denmark and the mortality rate was 20 times higher in some South American countries than in Europe.4 In Norway, mortality rates were highest among the working-class districts of Oslo5; in the USA, they were highest among the unemployed and the urban poor in…”
BackgroundInfluentialGibson, M., Petticrew, M., Bambra, C., Sowden, A. J., Wright, K. E., & Whitehead, M. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.011 · Cited by 539 · cited 2×
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntroduction to Syndemics: A Critical Systems Approach to Public and Community Health
Singer, M. C. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 537
(1996) · Free inquiry in creative sociology · Cited by 516
Chen, J. T., & Krieger, N. R. (2020) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000001263 · Cited by 487
Clinical Features Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients With Viral Pneumonia: The MuLBSTA Score
Guo, L., Wei, D., Zhang, X., Wu, Y., Li, Q. Y., Zhou, M., & Qu, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02752 · Cited by 412
Gkiouleka, A., Huijts, T., Beckfield, J., & Bambra, C. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.025 · Cited by 319
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Learning from past mistakes? The COVID-19 vaccine and the inverse equity hypothesis
Todd, A., & Bambra, C. L. (2020) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa243 · Cited by 26
Self-citationDeguen, S., & Kihal, W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041824 · Cited by 28
“His framework aims to explain how inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health” [43].”
BackgroundPublic health decisions in the COVID-19 pandemic require more than ‘follow the science’
de Campos, T. C., & Undurraga, E. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-107134 · Cited by 28
Jacobson, L. S., & DiGangi, B. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.702018 · Cited by 28
“These forces will deepen existing societal and economic inequities, which impact the social determinants of health for animals (7) as they do for humans (17).”
BackgroundInterrogating structural inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in England and Wales
Griffith, G. J., Smith, G. D., Manley, D., Howe, L. D., & Owen, G. E. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2021-216666 · Cited by 25
Guerrina, R., Borisch, B., Callahan, L. F., Howick, J., Reginster, J., & Mobasheri, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.670310 · Cited by 27
“As outlined previously COVID-19 has laid bare long standing socio-economic inequalities (5, 43) and wealth inequalities.”
BackgroundHerod, A., Gialis, S. E., Psifis, S., Gourzis, K., & Mavroudeas, S. D. (2021) · European Urban and Regional Studies · doi:10.1177/09697764211037126 · Cited by 26
Reed, S. J., Fuss, L., & Rausch, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-022-01070-y · Cited by 26
“This is problematic given that the pandemic may exacerbate existing social inequities [3].”
BackgroundHousing Vulnerability and COVID-19 Outbreaks: When Crises Collide
Martino, E., Mansour, A., & Bentley, R. (2022) · Urban Policy and Research · doi:10.1080/08111146.2022.2028616 · Cited by 26
“…areas, especially in neighbourhoods with a higher density of people, minority populations, lower average incomes, poorer educational outcomes and precarious employment characteristics (Abedi et al. 2020, Bambra et al. 2020, Dorn et al. 2020, Jones and Grigsby-Toussaint 2020, Shadmi et al. 2020).”
BackgroundBrown, P., Newton, D., Armitage, R., Monchuk, L., & Robson, B. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22883 · Cited by 26
“However, it has become apparent that some people have experienced the worst impacts of both the pandemic and the responses of governments to control the spread of the virus (Bambra et al., 2020; Belot et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChristofi, M., Stylianou, I., Hadjielias, Ε., Massis, A. D., & Kastanakis, M. N. (2023) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12662 · Cited by 28
Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on newborn neurodevelopment: a pilot study
Ayesa‐Arriola, R., Castro-Quintas, Á., de la Foz, V. O., Miguel‐Corredera, M., Martín-González, N. S., Murillo‐García, N., Neergaard, K. D., Fañanás, L., & Terán, I. D. L. C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29680-z · Cited by 28
Jervelund, S. S., & Eikemo, T. A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494820984702 · Cited by 26
“Both then and now, these inequalities have emerged through the syndemic nature of COVID-19 as it interacts with existing social inequalities in chronic disease and the social determinants of health [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialGlobal Health Equity Requires Global Equity
Maani, N., Abdalla, S. M., Ettman, C. K., Parsey, L., Rhule, E., Allotey, P. A., & Galea, S. (2023) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2022.0169 · Cited by 26
Karki, M., Asmar, M. L. E., Sasco, E. R., & El-Osta, A. A. R. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18535-5 · Cited by 26
Towards a syndemic public health response to COVID-19
Rod, M. H., & Rod, N. H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494820982862 · Cited by 25
“[5] Bambra C, riordan r, Ford j, et al.”
BackgroundMassarani, L., Mendes, I. M., Fagundes, V. O., et al. (2021) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232021268.05572021 · Cited by 25
Housing inequalities and resilience: the lived experience of COVID-19
Horne, R. E., Willand, N., Dorignon, L., & Middha, B. (2021) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/19491247.2021.2002659 · Cited by 29
“The question is, in what ways, and with what consequence? In other words, how do we identify and make sense of changes in lived experience of housing through COVID-19? The premise of the study was aligned with concerns that pre-existing inequalities in socio-economic and housing conditions may lead to unequal psycho-s…”
BackgroundDombrádi, V., Joó, T., Palla, G., Pollner, P., & Belicza, É. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12386-0 · Cited by 25
Conceptualisation of health inequalities by local healthcare systems: A document analysis
Olivera, J., Ford, J. A., Sowden, S. L., & Bambra, C. L. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13791 · Cited by 26
“The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated health inequalities (Bambra et al., 2020; Public Health England, 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMitchell, K. R., Shimonovich, M., Pérez, R. B., Dema, E., Clifton, S., Riddell, J., Copas, A. J., Tanton, C., Macdowall, W. G., Bonell, C. P., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2022.2035663 · Cited by 28
Fairbrother, H., Woodrow, N., Crowder, M., Holding, E., Griffin, N., Er, V., Dodd-Reynolds, C. J., Egan, M., Lock, K., Scott, S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063679 · Cited by 25
“Indeed, many young people recognised the unequal impact of the pandemic on health and were, to some extent, aware of the way existing inequalities have been exposed by the pandemic [11].”
BackgroundMorris, S. L., Wildman, J. M., Gibson, K., Moffatt, S., & Pollard, T. M. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114963 · Cited by 25
“Thematic analysis was then used to identify patterns in the data relevant to the research questions (Braun and Clarke, 2006).”
Mena, G. E., & Aburto, J. M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059201 · Cited by 25
Albani, V., Welsh, C. E., Brown, H., Matthews, F. E., & Bambra, C. L. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115319 · Cited by 25
“susceptibility, unequal exposure and unequal transmission (Bambra et al., 2020; Bambra et al, 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpact of COVID‐19 inequalities on children: An intersectional analysis
Lemkow–Tovías, G., Lemkow, L., Cash‐Gibson, L., Teixidó‐Compañó, E., & Benach, J. (2022) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13557 · Cited by 29
“As the pandemic has unfolded, it has become clear that social inequalities play a key role in the spread and impact of the disease within and between different populations (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAmin, V., Bowes, D. A., & Halden, R. U. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160103 · Cited by 25
“While both cancer and CVD have a wide range of sub-classifications, their associated risk factors often overlap, such as diet, access to healthcare, or environmental exposures, which has been shown to disproportionately impact certain populations (Bambra et al., 2020).”
Health Technology Assessment of Telemedicine Interventions in Diabetes Management: Evidence from UAE
Mishra, V., & Singh, J. (2022) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/23197145221130651 · Cited by 25
Pedersen, M. L., Gildberg, F. A., Baker, J. A., Damsgaard, J. B., & Tingleff, E. B. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02387-8 · Cited by 28
“Research into these factors is important for mental health care to become more sophisticated and person centred, to learn about and prevent the use of restrictive practices in minority groups and thereby eliminate ethnic inequalities; especially as these inequalities have been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pande…”
BackgroundMcGarity‐Palmer, R., Saw, A., Horse, A. J. Y., Yi, S. S., Tsoh, J. Y., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01519-3 · Cited by 24
Understanding vulnerability to COVID‐19 in New Zealand: a nationwide cross‐sectional study
Wiki, J., Marek, L., Hobbs, M., Kingham, S., & Campbell, M. H. (2021) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2021.1900294 · Cited by 25
“Inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates are said to arise because of the syndemic of COVID-19 (Bambra et al. 2020).”
BackgroundAmengual-Moreno, M., Caules, M. C., Carot, A., Correia, A. R. R., Río-Bergé, C., Plujà, J. R., Pascual, C. V., & Ventura-Gabarró, C. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 23
Chang, M., Green, L., & Cummins, S. (2020) · URBAN DESIGN International · doi:10.1057/s41289-020-00143-5 · Cited by 25
The Pursuit of COVID-19 Biomarkers: Putting the Spotlight on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Regulatory Sequences
Barash, A., Machluf, Y., Ariel, I., & Dekel, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.582793 · Cited by 24
“These differences can also be caused by variations between countries in the number of people tested, characteristics of the local healthcare system, the tactics and actions taken to fight against COVID-19, the presence of possible subtypes of the virus, as well as inequalities in socioeconomic, ethnic, geographical, a…”
BackgroundAccounting for health inequities in the design of contact tracing interventions: A rapid review
Mathevet, I., Ost, K., Traverson, L., Zinszer, K., & Ridde, V. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.010 · Cited by 23
Non‐human matter, health disparities and a thousand tiny dis/advantages
Fox, N. J., & Powell, K. (2021) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13265 · Cited by 24
Sharma, S. R., Walton, M., & Manning, S. (2021) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems9030052 · Cited by 24
“Bambra and colleagues have critically discussed the potential impact of COVID-19 on existing socio-economic and environmental determinants of health, and ultimately on health equity [6].”
BackgroundSoziale Ungleichheit in der regionalen Ausbreitung von SARS-CoV-2
Dragano, N., Hoebel, J., Wachtler, B., et al. (2021) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-021-03387-w · Cited by 24
Wyper, G. M. A., Fletcher, E., Grant, I., Harding, O., Moro, M. T. D. H., Stockton, D., & McCartney, G. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01547-7 · Cited by 21
“Commentators have since highlighted how the impact of COVID-19 infection has been magnified through a legacy of systemic and intersectional inequality, giving rise to a syndemic in some countries [9, 10].”
BackgroundAssessing the role of qualitative factors in pandemic responses
Tan, M. M. J., Neill, R., Haldane, V. E., Jung, A.-S., Foo, C. D., Tan, S. M., Shrestha, P., Verma, M., Bonk, M., Abdalla, S. M., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067512 · Cited by 24
Coyer, L., Boyd, A. C., Schinkel, J., Agyemang, C. O., Galenkamp, H., Koopman, A. D. M., Leenstra, T., van Charante, E. P. M., van den Born, B. H., Lok, A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052752 · Cited by 23
“[29] Healthcare inequalities, racism, 303 stigmatisation and discrimination witnessed by ethnic minorities and differences in healthcare 304 seeking-behaviour may provide additional explanations for these disparities.[30-34] 305”
BackgroundSocial vulnerability indices: A pragmatic tool for COVID-19 policy and beyond
Mah, J. C., & Andrew, M. K. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100333 · Cited by 24
Lee, J., & Ramírez, I. J. (2022) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2021.2021382 · Cited by 25
Hoolohan, C., Wertheim‐Heck, S., Devaux, F., Domaneschi, L., Dubuisson‐Quellier, S., Schäfer, M., & Wethal, U. (2022) · Sustainability Science Practice and Policy · doi:10.1080/15487733.2021.2013050 · Cited by 27
“As the pandemic has continued, it has become increasingly evident that people in these groups are disproportionately affected, both in terms of health and socioeconomic impacts (Bambra et al. 2020; Hawkins, Charles, and Mehaffey 2020; Hu 2020; Shakespeare, Ndagire, and Seketi 2021).”
BackgroundSuriaman, I., Hendrarsakti, J., Mardiyati, Y., et al. (2022) · Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100216 · Cited by 24
How and Why Should We Decolonize Global Health Education and Research?
Demir, İ. (2022) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.5334/aogh.3787 · Cited by 27
Munford, L. A., Khavandi, S., & Bambra, C. L. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102933 · Cited by 24
Self-citationCooper, F., Dolezal, L., & Rose, A. (2023) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781350283442 · Cited by 25
Spijker, J., & Trias‐Llimós, S. (2023) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad036 · Cited by 24
Giulio, G. M. D., Mendes, I. M., Dos-Reis-Campos, F., & Nunes, J. (2023) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czad016 · Cited by 24
Socio-spatial inequality and the effects of density on COVID-19 transmission in US cities
Kontokosta, C. E., Hong, B., & Bonczak, B. J. (2024) · Nature Cities · doi:10.1038/s44284-023-00008-2 · Cited by 24
Wu, Y., Yan, X., Zhao, S., Wang, J., Ran, J., Dong, D., Wang, M. H., Fung, H., Yeoh, E., & Chung, R. Y. (2020) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102465 · Cited by 22
Alexander, S., & Shareck, M. (2021) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daab015 · Cited by 23
Two paths of social innovation in the post-pandemic world
Montgomery, T., & Mazzei, M. (2021) · Social enterprise journal · doi:10.1108/sej-03-2021-0018 · Cited by 23
Gustafsson, P. E., Sebastiån, M. S., Fonseca‐Rodríguez, O., & Connolly-Andersen, A.-M. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2021-216778 · Cited by 23
The benefits, costs and feasibility of a low incidence COVID-19 strategy
Czypionka, T., Iftekhar, E. N., Prainsack, B., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100294 · Cited by 23
“First, a high incidence incurs direct harm to the health of considerable parts of the population - particularly the most vulnerable, including economically deprived and/or socially marginalised populations, 17 who tend to be less well-served by vaccination programmes and campaigns.”
Yong, A., & Germain, S. (2022) · Journal for Cultural Research · doi:10.1080/14797585.2021.2012090 · Cited by 26
“With the virus causing significant disruption to the delivery of healthcare services in England, the suspension of the equal access approach also created an additional barrier to accessing services for ethnic minority and migrant women.”
BackgroundInfluentialCovid-19: Hospital at Home: another piece of the armoury against COVID-19
Schiff, R., Oyston, M., Quinn, M., et al. (2022) · Future Healthcare Journal · doi:10.7861/fhj.2021-0137 · Cited by 23
Pförtner, T., Dohle, S., & Hower, K. I. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13341-3 · Cited by 23
Health inequities in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Boulton, A. J., Rios, M. D., & Perkins, G. D. (2022) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0000000000000947 · Cited by 24
“Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has placed a spotlight on health inequities [4,5].”
BackgroundReflections on ‘Decolonizing’ Big Data in Global Health
Qato, D. M. (2022) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.5334/aogh.3709 · Cited by 23
Modeling the Recovery of Elective Waiting Lists Following COVID-19: Scenario Projections for England
Howlett, N. C., & Wood, R. M. (2022) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2022.06.016 · Cited by 24
COVID-19 public health and social measures: a comprehensive picture of six Asian countries
Foo, C. D., Verma, M., Tan, S. M., Haldane, V. E., Reyes, K. A., Garcia, F. B., Canila, C. C., Oraño, J. V., Ballesteros, A. J., Marthias, T., et al. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009863 · Cited by 24
“It is, however, beyond the scope of this study to assess the full range of PHSMs and ascertain the effectiveness of implementation.”
Use and misuse of research: Canada’s response to covid-19 and its health inequalities
Mishra, S., Walker, J. D., Wilhelm, L., Larivière, V., Bubela, T. M., & Straus, S. E. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075666 · Cited by 25
Broadbent, A., & Streicher, P. (2022) · Global Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2022.100074 · Cited by 21
Advancing Pandemic Preparedness in Healthcare 5.0: A Survey of Federated Learning Applications
Alsamhi, S. H., Hawbani, A., Shvetsov, A. V., & Kumar, S. (2023) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2023/9992393 · Cited by 25
Tinner, L., & Curbelo, A. A. (2024) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02133-3 · Cited by 34
“There is widespread evidence demonstrating inequalities in mental health outcomes such as anxiety and depression [9, 10], yet the pathways are complex and not well-understood.”
BackgroundSocio-economic inequalities in dietary intake in Chile: a systematic review
Vega‐Salas, M. J., Caro, P., Johnson, L., & Papadaki, A. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021002937 · Cited by 23
Ayre, J., Muscat, D. M., Mac, O. A., Batcup, C., Cvejic, E., Pickles, K. M., Dolan, H., Bonner, C., Mouwad, D., Zachariah, D., et al. (2022) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2022.03.028 · Cited by 24
Akın-Sarı, B., İnözü, M., Hacıömeroğlu, A. B., Trak, E., Tufan, D., & Doron, G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.118 · Cited by 22
“The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significant challenges in the fields of education, health, and the economy (Bambra et al., 2020; Daniel, 2020).”
Compounding vulnerabilities: Syndemics and the social determinants of disease in the past
Perry, M. A., & Gowland, R. L. (2022) · International Journal of Paleopathology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.09.002 · Cited by 30
Li, R., Fu, W., Liang, Y., Huang, S., Xu, M., & Tu, R. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104405 · Cited by 31
Wildman, J. M., Goulding, A., Moffatt, S., et al. (2021) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x21000052 · Cited by 21
“The focus on generational inequalities also ignores the unequal burden of the pandemic response placed on women, people from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic groups, and people living in areas of socio-economic deprivation (Bambra et al. , 2020; Burki, 2020).”
COVID-SCORE Spain: public perceptions of key government COVID-19 control measures
White, T. M., Cash‐Gibson, L., Martin-Moreno, J. M., Matesanz, R., Crespo, J., Sánchez, J. L. A., Villapol, S., El-Mohandes, A. A. E., & Lazarus, J. V. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab066 · Cited by 20
Importance of population-based longitudinal studies to understanding the impact of COVID-19
Demakakos, P. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2021-217114 · Cited by 21
“It is now clear that the association between socioeconomic inequalities and the COVID-19 pandemic is complex and goes well beyond the direct link between social disadvantage and increased COVID-19 risk and poorer COVID-19 prognosis.(2,3) The COVID-19 Marmot review provides an excellent overview of this complex associa…”
BackgroundGriffin, N., Phillips, S. M., Hillier-Brown, F. C., Wistow, J., Fairbrother, H., Holding, E., Powell, K., & Summerbell, C. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12364-6 · Cited by 24
“The Covid-19 pandemic has further exposed social gradients in health, with those experiencing poverty and disadvantage being hit hardest [27], and worsening food insecurity [28].”
BackgroundMapping Perceptual Differences to Understand COVID-19 Beliefs in Those with Vaccine Hesitancy
Bass, S. B., Kelly, P. J. A., Hoadley, A., Lloret, A. A., & Organtini, T. (2022) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2022.2042627 · Cited by 21
Beltrán-Camacho, L., Eslava-Alcón, S., Rojas-Torres, M., Morillo, D., Martinez-Nicolás, M. P., Martín-Bermejo, V., de la Torre, I. G., Berrocoso, E., Moreno, J. A., Moreno‐Luna, R., et al. (2022) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-022-00465-w · Cited by 21
Variations of COVID-19 mortality are affected by economic disparities across countries
Yao, L., Aleya, L., Howard, S. C., Cao, Y., Wang, C.-Y., Day, S. W., Graff, J. C., Sun, D., & Gu, W. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154770 · Cited by 20
“…the patients can be admitted to the hospital in time, whether the diagnosis and treatment can be obtained in time to prevent avoidable deaths, and the effective rehabilitation for the patients (Bambra et al., 2020; Yang and Qi, 2022; Rozenfeld et al., 2020; Carethers, 2021; Liao and De Maio, 2021).”
InfluentialAlonso, L., & Jacoby, S. (2022) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2022.2103391 · Cited by 22
Mental health profiles of Finnish adolescents before and after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic
Gustafsson, J., Lyyra, N., Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., Simonsen, N., Lahti, H., Kulmala, M., Ojala, K., & Paakkari, L. T. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00591-1 · Cited by 34
“As the pandemic has impacted different population groups unequally [6], including adolescents [7, 8], it is important to identify the characteristics of the groups at particular risk of mental health problems and those who are more resilient to the adverse impact of the pandemic.”
BackgroundUK’s record on pandemic deaths
Raleigh, V. S. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3348 · Cited by 21
Research on Health Disparities Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bibliometric Analysis
Yang, K., & Qi, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031220 · Cited by 22
Social movement organizing and the politics of emotion from HIV to Covid‐19
Mackenzie, S. (2022) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12979 · Cited by 45
“As Covid-19 has sharpened the lens on the contributing, pre-existing population health harms of global capitalism (Aguirre, 2020; Alsan et al., 2021; Bambra et al., 2020) and environmental inequalities (OECD, 2020; Perkins et al., 2021; Von Storch et al., 2021), social movements research has…”
BackgroundShareck, M., Hassan, M. A., Buhariwala, P., Perri, M., Balla, E., & O'Campo, P. J. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211031760 · Cited by 21
Sotero-Martins, A., Siqueira, M. M., Flores, G. L., Coelho, W. N., Carvajal, E., & Oliveira, M. D. L. A. (2022) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-1104202213303 · Cited by 20
Goyes, D. R., South, N., Ñeñetofe, D. T. R., et al. (2022) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00380261221133673 · Cited by 20
“(Bambra et al., 2020, p. 967) This way of understanding what has been revealed echoes the lines written by the poet Theodore Roethke – ‘In a dark time, the eye begins to see’ – as well as previous studies confronting the consequences of humanitarian crises or disasters (Spiegel, 2021), from…”
BackgroundDing, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., & Wang, S. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i10.109502 · Cited by 31
López, M. H., Gallego, C., Abós‐Herràndiz, R., Tobella, A., Tristán, N. T., Monclús, A., Satorres, A. M., Rami, A., Navas, E., & Muñoz, M. Á. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab002 · Cited by 18
Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Li, G. H., Lam, S. K. K., Wong, I. C. K., Chu, J. K.-P., & Cheung, C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10214870 · Cited by 21
“Evidence of socioeconomic inequalities emerge in the incidence and mortality of both non-communicable and infectious diseases, including COVID-19 [2].”
BackgroundResultGothwal, V. K., Kodavati, K., & Subramanian, A. (2021) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.12928 · Cited by 23
“These themes included (1) accessibility of technology, (2) parental”
Palitsky, R., Kaplan, D. M., Brodt, M., Anderson, M., Athey, A. J., Coffino, J. A., Egbert, A. H., Hallowell, E. S., Han, G. T., Hartmann, M.-A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211072232 · Cited by 22
COVID-19 and diabetes—Two giants colliding: From pathophysiology to management
Pelle, M. C., Zaffina, I., Provenzano, M., Moirano, G., & Arturi, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.974540 · Cited by 22
“DM and COVID-19 co-occurrence embody the perfect example of a syndemic status (4), namely a state in which two or more co-occurring diseases amplify each other in a synergistic manner (5).”
BackgroundBello‐Bravo, J., Medendorp, J. W., Lutomia, A. N., et al. (2022) · Current Opinion in Insect Science · doi:10.1016/j.cois.2022.100971 · Cited by 20
Wahrendorf, M., Schaps, V., Reuter, M., Hoebel, J., Wachtler, B., Jacob, J., Alibone, M., & Dragano, N. (2023) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-023-03738-9 · Cited by 20
Maclaren, A. S., Locock, L., Skea, Z. C., Skåtun, D., & Wilson, P. (2024) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103217 · Cited by 20
Visualising regional inequalities in the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic in England and Wales
Bambra, C. L., Norman, P. D., & Johnson, N. (2020) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x20969420 · Cited by 20
Self-citationChung, G. K.-K., Chan, S., Chan, Y.-H., Yip, T. C., Ma, H. K., Wong, G. L., Chung, R. Y., Wong, H., Wong, S. Y. S., Yeoh, E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158168 · Cited by 22
“[2], socioeconomic inequalities in COVID-19 severity and related mortality arise as a result of “a syndemic of COVID-19, socioeconomic inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health.”
BackgroundWhat is critical about critical public health? Focus on health inequalities
Schrecker, T. (2021) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2021.1905776 · Cited by 20
“Such complexities and the resulting socioeconomically patterned vulnerabilities have been ruthlessly foregrounded by the Covid-19 pandemic (see e.g. Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCurrie, J., Boyce, T., Evans, L., Luker, M., Senior, S. L., Hartt, M. D., Cottrell, S. L., Lester, N., Huws, D., Humphreys, C., et al. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.01.025 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bambra, Clare
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-06-13
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 964-968
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC7298201
- OpenAlex
- W3034285292
- Cited by
- 2,118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 216 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 364 · 2022: 508 · 2021: 454 · 2020: 80
- FWCI
- 174.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR200173)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, syndemic, social determinants of health, socioeconomic disparities, ethnic inequality, regional disparities, economic impact of lockdown, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Socioeconomic Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Pandemics, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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