Long-term aspen dynamics, trophic cascades, and climate in northern Yellowstone National Park
Open accessAbstract
We report long-term patterns of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) recruitment for five ungulate exclosures in the northern ungulate winter range of Yellowstone National Park. Aspen recruitment was low (<3 aspen·ha−1·year−1) in the mid-1900s prior to exclosure construction due to herbivory by Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) but increased more than 60-fold within 25 years after exclosure construction despite a drying climatic trend since 1940. Results support the hypothesis that long-term aspen decline in Yellowstone’s northern range during the latter half of the 20th century was caused by high levels of ungulate herbivory and not a drying climate. Gray wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) were reintroduced during 1995–1996. For the period 1995–2012, we summarized annual predator–prey ratios, ungulate biomass, and drought severity. The average density of young aspen increased from 4350 aspen·ha−1 in 1997–1998 to 8960 aspen·ha−1 in 2012; during the same time period, those >1 m in height increased over 30-fold (from 105 to 3194 aspen·ha−1). Increased heights of young aspen occurred primarily from 2007 to 2012, a period with relatively high predator–prey ratios, declining elk numbers, and decreasing browsing rates. Consistent with a re-established trophic cascade, aspen stands in Yellowstone’s northern range have increasingly begun to recover.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In northern Yellowstone, herbivory has been the primary factor limiting the growth of aspen from sprouts to saplings, and eventually trees.
“Recent trends toward a warmer and drier climate may cause additional stress (Kulakowski et al., 2013; Worrall et al., 2013), but in northern Yellowstone herbivory has been the primary factor limiting the growth of aspen from sprouts to saplings, and eventually trees (Beschta et al., 2016; Kay, 2018; Painter et al., 2014, 2018).”
From Bison alter the northern Yellowstone ecosystem by breaking aspen saplings (2023) · cites this paper as Beschta et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores
Ripple, W. J., Estes, J. A., Beschta, R. L., Wilmers, C. C., Ritchie, E. G., Hebblewhite, M., Berger, J., Elmhagen, B., Letnic, M., Nelson, M. P., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241484 · Cited by 3,667 · see citing works
Self-citationA Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in the United States
Heim, R. R. (2002) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1149 · Cited by 2,055 · see citing works
Mech, L. D., & Boitani, L. (2003) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226516981.001.0001 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15years after wolf reintroduction
Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L. (2012) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.005 · Cited by 884 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Remeasurement of these stands in 2010 (Ripple and Beschta 2012) again found that Published by NRC Research Press C an .”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationHUMAN ACTIVITY MEDIATES A TROPHIC CASCADE CAUSED BY WOLVES
Hebblewhite, M., White, C. A., Nietvelt, C. G., McKenzie, J. A., Hurd, T. E., Fryxell, J. M., Bayley, S. E., & Paquet, P. C. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/04-1269 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
SMITH, D. W., PETERSON, R. O., & HOUSTON, D. B. (2003) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0330:yaw]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Aspen: Ecology and management in the western United States
DeByle, N. V., & Winokur, R. P. (1985) · doi:10.2737/rm-gtr-119 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States
Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2009) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.015 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Northern Yellowstone Elk: Ecology and Management.
Coe, M. J., & Houston, D. B. (1984) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2403067 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Restoring Yellowstone’s aspen with wolves
Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L. (2007) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.05.006 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationAspen, Elk, and Fire in Northern Yellowstone Park
Romme, W. H., Turner, M. G., Wallace, L. L., & Walker, J. S. (1995) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1941684 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
Ripple, W. J., & Larsen, E. J. (2000) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00014-8 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationKauffman, M. J., Brodie, J. F., & Jules, E. S. (2010) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-1949.1 · Cited by 275 · cited 5× · see citing works
“We estimated the age (AGEyr) of each DBH class from a scaling formula developed in the northern range by Kay (1990): AGEyr = 2.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAspen, climate, and sudden decline in western USA
Rehfeldt, G. E., Ferguson, D. E., & Crookston, N. L. (2009) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.005 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Elk calf survival and mortality following wolf restoration to Yellowstone National Park
Barber-Meyer, S. M., Mech, L. D., & White, P. J. (2008) · Wildlife Monographs · doi:10.2193/2008-004 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
HYDROLOGIC REGIME AND HERBIVORY STABILIZE AN ALTERNATIVE STATE IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Wolf, E. C., Cooper, D. J., & Hobbs, N. T. (2007) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/06-2042.1 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Riparian vegetation recovery in Yellowstone: The first two decades after wolf reintroduction
Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2016) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.031 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationBeschta, R. L., Donahue, D. L., DellaSala, D. A., Rhodes, J. J., Karr, J. R., O’Brien, M. H., Fleischner, T. L., & Deacon Williams, C. (2013) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9964-9 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationTrophic Cascades in a Multicausal World: Isle Royale and Yellowstone
Peterson, R. O., Vucetich, J. A., Bump, J. M., & Smith, D. W. (2014) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091634 · Cited by 150 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…sampled 16 aspen stands in 2004–2007 from across the northern range and found young aspen continued to be heavily browsed and short, more recently, Peterson et al. (2014) reported that young aspen in 113 northern range aspen stands went from average heights of 0.4–0.6 m during 1999–2007 to > 1 m…”
BackgroundInfluentialWILLOW ON YELLOWSTONE'S NORTHERN RANGE: EVIDENCE FOR A TROPHIC CASCADE?
Beyer, H. L., Merrill, E. H., Varley, N., & Boyce, M. S. (2007) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/06-1254.1 · Cited by 142 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Increased areal cover, height, and recruitment of woody browse species other than aspen, including willow, cottonwood, alder, and berry-producing shrubs, also have been documented in the northern range during recent years and usually have been associated with a decrease in herbivory (Beyer et al. 2007; Baril et al. 20…”
BackgroundInfluentialYellowstone’s ungulates after wolves – expectations, realizations, and predictions
White, P. J., & Garrott, R. A. (2005) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.048 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Trophic cascades from wolves to grizzly bears in Y ellowstone
Ripple, W. J., Beschta, R. L., Fortin, J. K., & Robbins, C. T. (2013) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12123 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationLarkin, G. A., & Slaney, P. A. (1997) · Fisheries · doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1997)022 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: Critical Evaluation of the "Natural Regulation" Paradigm.
Kay, C. E. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/8f79-90df · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Landscape dynamics of aspen and conifer forests
Bartos, D. L. (2001) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Nutritional requirements and food habits
Nelson, J. R., & Leege, T. A. (1982) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Growth and Physiological Responses of Tundra Plants to Defoliation
Archer, S., & Tieszen, L. L. (1980) · Arctic and Alpine Research · doi:10.2307/1550499 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Foraging Ecology of Bison in Aspen Boreal Habitats
Hudson, R. J., & Frank, S. (1987) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3899365 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The bison of Yellowstone National Park
Meagher, M. M., & States., U. (1973) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.70842 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
REDUCED COTTONWOOD RECRUITMENT FOLLOWING EXTIRPATION OF WOLVES IN YELLOWSTONE'S NORTHERN RANGE
Beschta, R. L. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/04-0964 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in Elk Distribution and Group Sizes after Wolf Restoration
White, P. J., Proffitt, K. M., & Lemke, T. O. (2012) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1674/0003-0031-167.1.174 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Patterns and consequences of ungulate herbivory on aspen in western North America
Seager, S. T., Eisenberg, C., & Clair, S. B. S. (2013) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.017 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A Seventy‐Year History of Trends in Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd
EBERHARDT, L. L., WHITE, P. J., GARROTT, R. A., & HOUSTON, D. B. (2007) · The Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2193/2005-770 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Recovering aspen follow changing elk dynamics in Yellowstone: evidence of a trophic cascade?
Painter, L. E., Beschta, R. L., Larsen, E. J., & Ripple, W. J. (2015) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/14-0712.1 · Cited by 76 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Collectively, northern range vegetation responses from a variety of studies indicate that recent shifts in elk distributions and reduced elk densities (White et al. 2012; Painter et al. 2015) are likely to contribute to continued changes in woody plant communities into the future.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Western Range Revisited: Removing Livestock from Public Lands to Conserve Native Biodiversity
Hatfield, K. D., & Donahue, D. L. (2001) · Western Historical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3650810 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The influences of climate on aspen dieback
Hanna, P., & Kulakowski, D. (2012) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem: USA
Larsen, E. J., & Ripple, W. J. (2002) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00532-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park, Canada
Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x07-017 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationHerbivory strains resilience in drought‐prone aspen landscapes of the western U nited S tates
Rogers, P. C., & Mittanck, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12099 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Barnett, D. T., & Stohlgren, T. J. (2001) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1023/a:1013158511225 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The northern Yellowstone elk: ecology and management
Houston, D. B. (1982) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effects of bison on willow and cottonwood in northern Yellowstone National Park
Painter, L. E., & Ripple, W. J. (2012) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMarshall, K. N., Cooper, D. J., & Hobbs, N. T. (2014) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12225 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Halofsky, J. E., & Ripple, W. J. (2008) · Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1093/forestry/cpm044 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex interactions shaping aspen dynamics in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Brown, K., Hansen, A. J., Keane, R. E., & Graumlich, L. J. (2006) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-005-6190-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Songbird response to increased willow (<i>Salix</i>spp.) growth in Yellowstone's northern range
Baril, L. M., Hansen, A. J., Renkin, R., & Lawrence, R. (2011) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/10-0169.1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2007) · Western North American Naturalist · doi:10.3398/1527-0904(2007)67[613:iwhany]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 33 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…cottonwood, alder, and berry-producing shrubs, also have been documented in the northern range during recent years and usually have been associated with a decrease in herbivory (Beyer et al. 2007; Baril et al. 2011; Beschta and Ripple 2007a, 2012, 2014; Ripple et al. 2014b; Marshall et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLong-term aspen exclosures in the Yellowstone ecosystem
Kay, C. E. (2001) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Aspen Recovery Since Wolf Reintroduction on the Northern Yellowstone Winter Range
Kimble, D. S., Tyers, D. B., Robison-Cox, J., & Sowell, B. F. (2011) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.2111/rem-d-10-00018.1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
After long-term decline, are aspen recovering in northern Yellowstone?
Painter, L. E., Beschta, R. L., Larsen, E. J., & Ripple, W. J. (2014) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.055 · Cited by 31 · cited 11× · see citing works
“An inverse relationship between browsing intensity and height of young woody plants is central to the trophic cascade hypotheses, as it clearly identifies the mechanism via which top-down pressure ensues (Beyer et al. 2007; Painter et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationTrophic cascades from wolves to alders in Yellowstone
Ripple, W. J., Beschta, R. L., & Painter, L. E. (2015) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationDivergent patterns of riparian cottonwood recovery after the return of wolves in Yellowstone, USA
Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2015) · Ecohydrology · doi:10.1002/eco.1487 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationRocky Times in Rocky Mountain National Park: An Unnatural History
Kindquist, C. E., & Hess, K. (1994) · Western Historical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/970376 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Consequences of ratio‐dependent predation by wolves for elk population dynamics
Hebblewhite, M. (2013) · Population Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10144-013-0384-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Do irrigation and predator control reduce the productivity of migratory ungulate herds?
Wilmers, C. C., & Levi, T. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-0499.1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnston, D. B., Cooper, D. J., & Hobbs, N. T. (2011) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1890/es10-00150.1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Berry-producing shrub characteristics following wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park
Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2012) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.03.035 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHamlin, K. L., Cunningham, J. A., & Alt, K. L. (2009) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
(2005) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationFleischner, T. L. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9781444317091.ch9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dean, R. E., Thorne, E. T., & Yorgason, I. J. (1976) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1379529 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
(2013) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationVegetation Analysis of Ungulate Range Exclosures, Elk Island National Park
Milner, B. J. (1977) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
(2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658-94.6.1432 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851–1984.
Jones, P. D., Raper, S. C. B., Bradley, R. S., Diaz, H. F., Kellyo, P. M., & Wigley, T. M. L. (1986) · Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology · doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 67 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Karl, T.R. 1986. The sensitivity of the Palmer Drought Severity Index and Palmer's Z-Index to their calibration coefficients including potential evapotranspiration. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 25: 77-86.
- Marshall, K.N., Cooper, D.J., and Hobbs, N.T. 2014. Interactions among herbivory, climate, topography and plant age shape riparian willow dynamics in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Journal of Ecology 102: 667-677.
- Mech, L.D., and Boitani, L. 2003. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
- Rogers, P.C., and Mittanck, C.M. 2014. Herbivory strains resilience in drought-prone aspen landscapes of the western United States. Journal of Vegetation Science 25: 457-469.
- Singer, F.J. 1996. Differences between willow communities browsed by elk and communities protected for 32 years in Yellowstone National Park. In Effects of grazing by wild ungulates in Yellowstone National Park. Edited by F.J. Singer. USDI, National Park Service, Natural Resource Information Division, Denver, CO, pp. 279-290.
- Toweill, D.E., Thomas, J.W., and McCabe, R.E. (Editors). 2002. North American elk: ecology and management. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Riparian vegetation recovery in Yellowstone: The first two decades after wolf reintroduction
Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2016) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.031 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationSampling bias exaggerates a textbook example of a trophic cascade
(2021) · doi:10.1111/ele.13915 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bison limit ecosystem recovery in northern Yellowstone
Beschta, R. L., Ripple, W. J., Kauffman, J. B., & Painter, L. E. (2020) · Food Webs · doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00142 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationTrophic cascades at multiple spatial scales shape recovery of young aspen in Yellowstone
Beschta, R. L., Painter, L. E., & Ripple, W. J. (2018) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.01.055 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationPainter, L. E., Beschta, R. L., Larsen, E. J., & Ripple, W. J. (2018) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2376 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe primacy of density‐mediated indirect effects in a community of wolves, elk, and aspen
Brice, E. M., Larsen, E. J., Stahler, D. R., & MacNulty, D. R. (2024) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1627 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bison alter the northern Yellowstone ecosystem by breaking aspen saplings
Painter, L. E., Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10369 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationFicko, A., Roessiger, J., & Bončina, A. (2018) · iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry · doi:10.3832/ifor2567-011 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Forest growth trends in Canada
Loehle, C., & Solarik, K. A. (2019) · The Forestry Chronicle · doi:10.5558/tfc2019-027 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Condition and Trend of Aspen, Willows, and Associated Species on the Northern Yellowstone Range
Kay, C. E. (2018) · Rangelands · doi:10.1016/j.rala.2018.10.005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Historical forest changes in the western United States
Loehle, C. (2020) · The Forestry Chronicle · doi:10.5558/tfc2020-006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Large carnivore extirpation linked to loss of overstory aspen in Yellowstone
Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2019) · Food Webs · doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2019.e00140 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationNeary, A., Mata‐González, R., & Schmalz, H. J. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118530 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lack of woody species recruitment in isolated deep canyon deciduous woodlands in central Texas, USA1
Auken, O. W. V., Bush, J. K., Taylor, D. L., & Singhurst, J. R. (2023) · The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society · doi:10.3159/torrey-d-23-00009.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Auken, O. W. V., & Taylor, D. L. (2020) · American Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.4236/ajps.2020.113030 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Changing aspen stand structure following large carnivore restoration in Yellowstone
Painter, L. E., Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2025) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122941 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationWinterton, D. J., van Wilgen, N. J., & Venter, J. A. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.8184 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aspen recovery in northern Yellowstone: A comment on Brice et al. (2021)
Painter, L. E., Beschta, R. L., & Ripple, W. J. (2024) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14353 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationAuken, O. W. V., Taylor, D. L., Shen, C., & Bush, J. K. (2017) · American Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.4236/ajps.2017.86093 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Grazing Influences on Geomorphic Systems
Butler, D. R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818234-5.00137-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Trophic Level Changes After Reintroduction of a Predator to a Fenced Conservation Reserve
Stepkovitch, B., Tuft, K. D., Hayes, G. L., & Moseby, K. E. (2025) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.70138 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Brice, E. M., & MacNulty, D. R. (2018) · The UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports · doi:10.13001/uwnpsrc.2018.5647
Auken, O. W. V., Taylor, D. L., & Terrell, C. D. (2023) · The Southwestern Naturalist · doi:10.1894/0038-4909-67.3.163
- Authors
- Beschta, R. L., Painter, L. E., Levi, T., & Ripple, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Forest Research
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 548-556
- ISSN
- 0045-5067 (ISSN-L)
- 1208-6037
- OpenAlex
- W2295424791
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Forest Research (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Wyoming
- National Park Service
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Ecology and biodiversity studies
- Keywords
- Populus tremuloides, trophic cascades, gray wolf reintroduction, predator-prey ratio, drought, climate change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
