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A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems
Open accessAbstract
For 11 studies, we find that the detection of usability problems as a function of number of users tested or heuristic evaluators employed is well modeled as a Poisson process. The model can be used to plan the amount of evaluation required to achieve desired levels of thoroughness or benefits. Results of early tests can provide estimates of the number of problems left to be found and the number of additional evaluations needed to find a given fraction. With quantitative evaluation costs and detection values, the model can estimate the numbers of evaluations at which optimal cost/benefit ratios are obtained and at which marginal utility vanishes. For a “medium” example, we estimate that 16 evaluations would be worth their cost, with maximum benefit/cost ratio at four.
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“The recommended number of participants for usability testing is at least 10 people [14].”
From The PAediatric Risk Assessment (PARA) Mobile App to Reduce Postdischarge Child Mortality: Design, Usability, and Feasibility for Health Care Workers in Uganda (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Nevertheless, there is some consensus that usability tests may include a minimum of 5 participants per iteration and that approximately 80% of usability issues are discovered with as few as 4-6 participants [80].”
From Development and Evaluation of the Usefulness, Usability, and Feasibility of iNNOV Breast Cancer: Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
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“which meets the optimal requirement for detecting all usability problems [78]”
From Development and usability testing of a web-based and therapist-assisted coping skills program for managing psychosocial problems in individuals with hand and upper limb injuries: Mixed methods study (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Nielsen, J., & Landauer, T. K.
- ORCID
- Nielsen, Jakob
- Venue
- Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '93
- Publisher
- ACM Press
- Published
- 1993
- Pages
- 206-213
- OpenAlex
- W2099473180
- Cited by
- 1,961
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 125 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- usability evaluation, heuristic evaluation, Poisson process model, evaluation planning, user testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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