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The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function
Open accessAbstract
Rapidly emerging evidence continues to describe an intimate and causal relationship between sleep and emotional brain function. These findings are mirrored by long-standing clinical observations demonstrating that nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with one or more sleep abnormalities. This review aims to (a) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep; (b) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, supports a process of affective brain homeostasis, optimally preparing the organism for next-day social and emotional functioning; and (c) describe how this hypothesized framework can explain the prevalent relationships between sleep and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
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“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Walker, 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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In the citing paper
“Our results are in line with studies and theoretical accounts proposing a role of sleep in the affective depotentiation of emotional memories.9,14,13,18,37”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
In the citing paper
“Healthy sleep is associated with normal emotion regulation [9, 10].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“And, as is the case for other forms of emotional memory [10], healthy sleep may be of ongoing, and cumulative importance in the consolidation of memory for both therapeutically induced and naturally learned extinction.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disruption may lead to fatigue [244, 245], executive deficits [246, 247], mood dysregulation [10], and psychosocial impairments [248]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Goldstein & Walker, 2014
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Cites
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“However, this discrepancy may be due to the fact that the radial maze task used in our study is purely spatial whereas the contextual fear conditioning includes an emotional component that may be processed specifically during REM sleep as suggested by other authors (Goldstein and Walker 2014).”
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“From a mechanistic perspective, sleep disturbance may function as a marker of emotional dysregulation and may influence suicidality indirectly through increased affective instability, impaired cognitive control, and heightened stress sensitivity [18, 42].”
Yang, L., Yan, P., Xu, Y., Hu, L., Wei, J., Song, M., Liu, W., & Mao, H. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08060-7
“At the neural circuit level, insufficient sleep weakens pre-frontal control over limbic regions such as the amygdala, leading to heightened negative emotional reactivity and reduced emotion regulation capacity [28, 29].”
Automated assessment of nocturnal affect using infrared recordings of facial expressionsPreprint
Ernst, S., Krauss, D., Moß, M., Vossiek, M., Eskofier, B. M., & Berking, M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9418466/v1
Day-to-Day Circadian Phase Fluctuations Shape Sleep and Behavior in Adolescents with ADHDPreprint
Reich, N., Imparato, A., Schneider, M., Eliez, S., Graser, C. J., & Sandini, C. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.30.26352043
Cognitive and emotional correlates of sleep in the peripartum period: a systematic review
Baldi, E., Meneo, D., Rizzuti, M., Cerolini, S., Benz, F., Riemann, D. W., Gelfo, F., & Baglioni, C. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105055
Zhang, M., Gu, L., Ma, X., Dang, L., Zhang, Y., Gou, F., & Tian, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1799801
Zhou, Y., Wang, L., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y. J., 廖涟漪, Guo, Y., & Yang, M. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03066-8
“Reduced sleep dura - tion may impair the functioning of the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system, thereby weakening emotional regulation and increasing the risk of depressive symptoms [20 ].”
A Study of Sleep Monitoring for Emotional Health via the Smart Pillow
Fang, Q., Tan, Q., Bai, Z., Zhao, P., & Sun, D. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-9493-1_19
A novel, wearable, in-ear EEG technology to assess sleep and daytime sleepiness
Berent, J., Saini, P., Stewart, A. X., Bheda, D., Borodin, K., Paul, A., Tracey, B., Dong, C., Volfson, D., Buhl, D. L., et al. (2026) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.1186/s42234-026-00207-x
“…et al. 2017; Paruthi et al. 2016), memory consolidation (Stickgold et al. 2001; Diekelmann and Born 2010), cardiovascular health, emotional valence (Goldstein and Walker 2014), metabolic homeostasis (Xie et al. 2013), integrity of the immune response (Besedovsky et al. 2019), diurnal and circadian…”
Le sommeil de la femme en période périnatale : un enjeu majeur en psychiatrie périnatale
Sutter‐Dallay, A., Gressier, F., Desvergnes, P., Schroder, C. M., Quilès, C., Bioulac, S., & Micoulaud‐Franchi, J. (2026) · Médecine du Sommeil · doi:10.1016/j.msom.2026.04.001
Development of an automated REM sleep deprivation device for mice in neuroscience research
Yang, R., Morse, W. D., & Zhong, P. (2026) · HardwareX · doi:10.1016/j.ohx.2026.e00797
How Synaptic Plasticity Shapes Mental Health: The Role of Core Body Temperature
Grenno, G., Piarulli, A., Alfì, G., Caruso, V., Aquino, G., Lencioni, R. A., Palagini, L., & Gemignani, A. (2026) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-026-00380-0
“In mood disorders, increased REM pressure and reduced NREM slow-wave activity have been associated with limbic hyperpotentiation and impaired prefrontal regulation [142, 143].”
Well-being and cultural identity in migrant acculturative stress: a daily diary study
Emmer, C., Mann, F., Edelinski, K., & Mata, J. (2026) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2026.2677233 · Cited by 2
Xu, F., Hu, J., Yu, M., Wang, M., & Zhu, G. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27945-6
“Goldstein et al. reported that 7% of US high school students exhibited suicidal behaviors, 14% had made a suicide attempt, and 17% had experienced suicidal ideation [20].”
Temporal proximity to sleep determines emotional memory interferencePreprint
Tsang, Y. C., Xia, T., Leung, W. C. Y., & Hu, X. (2026) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.054156.125
“Sleep is not only essential for mnemonic consolidation (stabilizing memory content), but also plays a central role in affective consolidation (modulating emotional tone) (Walker and van der Helm 2009; Payne and Kensinger 2010; Rasch and Born 2013; Goldstein and Walker 2014; Paller et al. 2021).”
Bai, R., Liu, Y., Yin, Y., Wu, F., Song, Y., & Gao, Y. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.111071
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Henderson, A. A., Barber, L. K., & Hu, X. (2026) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2026.2688766
Yu, Z., Wang, D., Luo, M., Wang, Z., Fan, Y., Ma, Z., & Fan, F. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.103118
Hwang, H., Hur, W., & Shin, Y. (2026) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-07-2025-0530
Gashkarimov, V. R., Александровна, Г. К., Kunafina, E. R., Алексеевна, С. Л., Ganeev, R. R., Valeeva, T. S., Максютова, А. Ф., & Asadullin, A. R. (2026) · Medical Herald of the South of Russia · doi:10.21886/2219-8075-2026-17-2-42-51
Chen, L., Deng, H., & Meng, L. (2026) · Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13019-026-04469-z
Generalized Camera-Based Contactless Seq2Seq Sleep Staging
Xia, M., Wang, Q., Huang, D., Cheng, H., Peifen, C., Zi, M., & Wang, W. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3706945
“It directly a ff ects the body’s repair e ffi ciency and the integration of cognitive functions [1], [2].”
Sleep health profiles of young adult college students: A latent profile analysis
Brombach, R. K., Sy, J. R. T., Leete, J. J., Kim, K. N., Taylor, D. J., Huskey, A., Olson, E. A., Pauck, K., Emert, S. E., Bottrill, K., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.06.040
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650;
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 679-708
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4286245
- OpenAlex
- W2120192703
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537, F31MH094075)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, REM sleep, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Mood Disorders
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