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The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function
Open accessAbstract
Rapidly emerging evidence continues to describe an intimate and causal relationship between sleep and emotional brain function. These findings are mirrored by long-standing clinical observations demonstrating that nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with one or more sleep abnormalities. This review aims to (a) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep; (b) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, supports a process of affective brain homeostasis, optimally preparing the organism for next-day social and emotional functioning; and (c) describe how this hypothesized framework can explain the prevalent relationships between sleep and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
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“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Walker, 2014
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In the citing paper
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Our results are in line with studies and theoretical accounts proposing a role of sleep in the affective depotentiation of emotional memories.9,14,13,18,37”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
In the citing paper
“Healthy sleep is associated with normal emotion regulation [9, 10].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“And, as is the case for other forms of emotional memory [10], healthy sleep may be of ongoing, and cumulative importance in the consolidation of memory for both therapeutically induced and naturally learned extinction.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disruption may lead to fatigue [244, 245], executive deficits [246, 247], mood dysregulation [10], and psychosocial impairments [248]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Goldstein & Walker, 2014
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Cites
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Regulation of dendritic spines in the amygdala following sleep deprivation
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“While evidence suggests a strong connection between sleep and emotional regulation, the impact of sleep loss on emotional regulation shortfalls has been less investigated [4,5].”
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Khan-Afridi, Z., Ruchat, S.-M., Jones, P. A. T., Ali, M. U., Matenchuk, B. A., Leonard, S., Jantz, A. W., Leek, K. V., Maier, L. E., Osachoff, L., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2024-109604 · Cited by 18
“6 115 The impaired hormonal regulation of appetite and glucose resulting from short duration and/or poor quality of sleep may explain why better sleep is associated with improved cardiometabolic health.”
Sleep parameters improvement in PTSD soldiers after symptoms remission
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“Given the known role of the AMY in driving affective states, and the well-documented impacts of powerful emotions on sleep and wakefulness (Goldstein et al., 2013; Goldstein and Walker, 2014; ten Brink et al., 2022, 2023), decades of research have sought to elucidate the neural interactions between AMY circuits and Or…”
BackgroundNeural recruitment related to threat perception differs as a function of adolescent sleep
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Sleep and emotion processing in paediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot investigation
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BackgroundSleep Characteristics in Dogs; Effect on Caregiver-Reported Problem Behaviours
Tooley, C., & Heath, S. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12141753 · Cited by 12
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Sleepless nights, sour moods: daily sleep‐irritability links in a pediatric clinical sample
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Central Nervous System
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Determinan Kualitas Tidur Mahasiswa Kampus A di Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof DR Hamka
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Adaptive Solutions to the Problem of Vulnerability During Sleep
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“…2020), energy homeostasis (Scharf et al., 2008; Schmidt, 2014), regulation of the immune system (Besedovsky et al., 2019), and emotional adaptation (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Walker & van Der Helm, 2009), to name some of the proposed functions that have received considerable attention in…”
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“…while it appears plausible that poor sleep is associated with higher arousal [39–41] at both the psychological [41–47] and neurophysiological levels [27,37,39,40,48,49], testing the correlative and causal associations between sleep and emotion has proved methodologically more challenging [50,51].”
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“Shorter sleep duration has been consistently associated with altered amygdala function in adults (11, 17, 32).”
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Brainstem circuit for sickness-induced sleep
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“…beneficial for chronic disease prevention and also increases the likelihood of engaging in other health-promoting behaviors such as exercise, maintenance of a healthy diet, and emotional regulation (Atkinson and Davenne, 2007; Dashti et al., 2015; Goldstein and Walker, 2014; Greer et al., 2013).”
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“Optimal sleep achieves restorative processes that aid in the development of neurological functions (Astill et al., 2012; Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Kamphuis et al., 2012; Krause et al., 2017).”
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“To accomplish the consolidation of these memories, complex and selective offline processes occur during post-learning sleep (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Goldstein and Walker, 2014), when memory representations are reactivated and reorganized”
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“Emotional brain function is causally and bidirectionally related to sleep (Goldstein and Walker, 2014).”
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Sleep and Socioemotional Outcomes Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study
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“The relationship between sleep and socioemotional outcomes can be understood based on sleep’s essential role in the brain mechanisms that regulate emotion (Goldstein & Walker, 2014), and cognition (Wong et al., 2020).”
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Herrmann, M. L., Palmer, A. K., Sechrist, M. F., & Abraham, S. (2018) · International Journal of Studies in Nursing · doi:10.20849/ijsn.v3i2.297 · Cited by 10
“Poorer nighttime sleep quality leads to poorer functioning and lower life satisfaction (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Ye et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSleep influences on cardio-metabolic health in Indigenous populations
Yiallourou, S. R., Maguire, G. P., Eades, S., Hamilton, G. S., Quach, J., & Carrington, M. J. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.011 · Cited by 11
Associations Between Sleep Patterns and Performance Development Among Norwegian Chess Players
Moen, F., Olsen, M., & Hrozanova, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01855 · Cited by 10
“…has been found to be especially crucial for cognitive functioning (Jones and Harrison, 2001; Walker et al., 2002; Belenky et al., 2003; Jarraya et al., 2014; Nusbaum et al., 2018) and emotional regulation (Sinnerton and Reilly, 1992; Baum et al., 2014; Goldstein and Walker, 2014; Watson, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialHalonen, R., Kuula, L., Antila, M., & Pesonen, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.712774 · Cited by 14
“While we covered the fronto-central areas that have been repeatedly associated with verbal memory (Clemens et al., 2005; Mikutta et al., 2019; Muehlroth et al., 2019; Hahn et al., 2020), the temporal lobe has been reported as a prominent source of propagated spindles (Piantoni et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialHalonen, R., Kuula, L., Makkonen, T., Kauramäki, J., & Pesonen, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730924 · Cited by 11
Yin, L., Li, F., Liu, P., Yin, Z., Yang, Z., Pi, L., & Gao, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1337158 · Cited by 11
“The impact of inadequate sleep extends to the brain ’ s capacity to regulate and express emotions, thereby impairing the development of executive functions and giving rise to heightened irritability, anger, and impulsiveness (51, 52).”
BackgroundMarcilla-Toribio, I., Moratalla-Cebrian, M. L., Notario‐Pacheco, B., López, M. Á. E., Morales-Cuenca, N., & Martínez-Andrés, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1355973 · Cited by 9
“Sleep deprivation can increase stress levels and reduce pain tolerance (56).”
BackgroundLiu, R. F., Qiu, Q., & Ye, B. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18684-7 · Cited by 12
“And individuals with poor sleep quality have weaker emotional regulation ability and are more prone to experiencing anxiety during exams [40, 69].”
BackgroundOuyang, A., Zhang, C. M., Adra, N., Tesh, R. A., Sun, H., Lei, D., Jing, J., Fan, P., Paixão, L. G. P., Ganglberger, W., et al. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14070855 · Cited by 13
“Sleep and brain health are tightly linked, with better sleep correlating with favorable objective and subjective measures of brain structure [1,2] and function [3–5].”
BackgroundLiu, J., Hao, Q., Li, B., Zhang, R., Luo, G., & Sun, D. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05980-0 · Cited by 11
“Hence, the relationship between depression and sleep disorders may be bidirectional [51, 52].”
BackgroundFarrell, B. J., Emmerton, R. W., Camilleri, C., & Sammut, S. (2024) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-024-00113-8 · Cited by 10
“…amygdalar (emotion) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (executive function) dysfunction (which have been shown to relate to sleep deprivation (Goldstein and Walker, 2014; Libe-dinsky et al., 2011)) have been reported to detrimentally impact emotional control, decision-making and attention…”
BackgroundWhat Time Will It Be? A Comprehensive Literature Review on Daylight Saving Time
Neumann, P., & von Blanckenburg, K. (2025) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x241310562 · Cited by 9
Rogers, A. H., Bakhshaie, J., Viana, A. G., Lemaire, C. M., Garza, M. J., Ochoa‐Perez, M., Ditre, J. W., Mayorga, N. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0489-7 · Cited by 9
“In terms of PTS, the decreased connectivity between the frontal brain regions and the amygdala observed following insomnia may prevent individuals from decreasing the emotional content of traumatic memories, thereby contributing to amygdala hyperactivity and more PTS [28].”
Cardiometabolic Health: Key in Reducing Adverse COVID-19 Outcomes
Chowdhury, R., van Daalen, K. R., & Franco, O. H. (2020) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.879 · Cited by 9
Nazari, N., Sadeghi, M., Samusenkov, V. O., & Aligholipour, A. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03690-z · Cited by 8
“Compared to healthy individuals, experimental research has revealed that individuals with problem-related sleep present impaired functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala [57].”
BackgroundRetractedEmotions in Times of Pandemic Crisis among Italian Children: A Systematic Review
Bonvino, A., Calvio, A., Stallone, R., Marinelli, C. V., Quarto, T., Petito, A., Palladino, P., & Monacis, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20126168 · Cited by 13
“Consistent with previous findings on the bidirectional associations between sleep and emotions [88] and between the impact of sleep on emotion-related brain functions [89], another investigation [60] identified children’s sleep impairments (e.”
ResultTrajectories of insomnia following bereavement
de Lang, T. A., Büyükcan-Tetik, A., de Jong, P. J., Lancel, M., & Eisma, M. C. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.12.009 · Cited by 10
Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.11.001 · Cited by 9
“One hypothesis for how insomnia may increase for psychopathology is that insomnia symptoms affect how individuals emotionally and behaviorally respond to stressors in the environment (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Harvey, 2008, 2011).”
BackgroundBilevičiūtė-Ljungar, I., & Friberg, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00222 · Cited by 11
“Sleep is crucial in normalizing central adrenergic signaling, which usually occurs during REM sleep (30).”
BackgroundTired and angry: Sleep, mental health, and workplace relational aggression
Osgood, J. M., Yates, H. K., Adler, A. B., Dyches, K. D., & Quartana, P. J. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1897490 · Cited by 10
“Additionally, appropriate top-down control of the amygdala from the medial-prefrontal cortex is important for producing contextually accurate emotional memories and conditioned responses to negative stimuli during stressful experiences (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Menz et al., 2013; Yoo et al., 2007).”
BackgroundZhang, J., ten Brink, M., Kreibig, S. D., Gilam, G., Goldin, P. R., Manber, R., Mackey, S., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108149 · Cited by 9
Using Parental Report to Identify Children at Risk for Poor Sleep and Daytime Problems
Gruber, R., Somerville, G., & Santisteban, J. A. (2020) · Behavioural Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2019.1613236 · Cited by 10
“…functions are sensitive to sleep deficiency (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007; Dinges et al., 1997; Drummond et al., 1999; Durmer & Dinges, 2005; Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Gujar, Yoo, Hu, & Walker, 2011; Harrison & Horne, 1998; Jens et al., 2005; Killgore, 2010; Linde & Bergstrom, 1992; Ma et…”
Nagata, S., McCormick, B. P., & Austin, D. R. (2020) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · doi:10.18666/trj-2020-v54-i1-9745 · Cited by 12
“The rested brain restores cognitive and emotional brain functions (Altena et al., 2008; Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundHartmann, J. (2015) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20150114jh · Cited by 9
Affect Across the Wake-Sleep Cycle
Sikka, P., & Gross, J. J. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00204-2 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, sleep and dreaming have been argued to play an important role in affect regulation (e.g., Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Levin & Nielsen, 2007, 2009).”
BackgroundRichards, A. L., Santistevan, A. C., Kovnick, M. O., Orlova, P., Yack, L. M., Berg, E., Pracar, S., Metzler, T. J., Neylan, T. C., & Woodward, S. H. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae099 · Cited by 8
Zhong, Z., Ren, H., & Wang, S. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2891 · Cited by 9
Health risks and genetic architecture of objectively measured multidimensional sleep health
Zhang, S., Zhang, M., Yuan, Y., Li, Z., Li, X., & Li, X. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62338-0 · Cited by 14
Sleep, Physical Activity, and Executive Functions in Students: A Narrative Review
Belluardo, G., Meneo, D., Cerolini, S., Baglioni, C., & Bartolo, P. D. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7030047 · Cited by 12
Sleep Disorders across the Lifespan: A Different Perspective
Garbarino, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17239025 · Cited by 10
“Good sleep is not only essential for physical health and cognitive performance but also plays a critical role in emotional functioning [14].”
BackgroundJamieson, D., Shan, Z., Sacks, D. D., Boyes, A., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2022) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316221104222 · Cited by 9
The 4R Model of Mood and Emotion for Sustainable Mental Health in Organisational Settings
Beedie, C., Lane, A. M., Udberg, R., & Terry, P. C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811670 · Cited by 11
Sikka, P., Engelbrektsson, H., Zhang, J., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.981289 · Cited by 14
“, 2011), and perhaps even weeks or months (Cartwright, 2010; Goldstein and Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundPre-sleep affect predicts subsequent REM frontal theta in nonlinear fashion
ten Brink, M., Yan, Y., Zhang, J., Goldstein‐Piekarski, A. N., Krause, A. J., Kreibig, S. D., Manber, R., & Gross, J. J. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-022-01051-7 · Cited by 10
“…at low to moderate levels of intensity and salience, but at extremely high levels of intensity, the mechanism is not, perhaps cannot be, engaged effectively (Vandekerckhove et al., 2011; Wassing et al., 2019), or the process might take multiple nights (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Sopp et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHow Sleep Shapes Emotion Regulation
Goldschmied, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30628-1_6 · Cited by 8
Tseng, Y.-T., Zhao, B., Liu, J., Ding, H., Wang, F., & Wang, L. (2020) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.061 · Cited by 8
A primer on sleep for MFTs: Implications and practical considerations
Novak, J. R., & Gillis, B. T. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12528 · Cited by 8
Yang, H. J., Kim, M. J., Kim, S. S., & Cho, Y. (2021) · Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.5.449 · Cited by 9
REM Sleep Fragmentation in Patients With Short-Term Insomnia Is Associated With Higher BDI Scores
Wu, D., Tong, M., Ji, Y., Ruan, L., Lou, Z., Gao, H., & Yang, Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.733998 · Cited by 8
“Prolonged and sustained disturbance of REM sleep through arousal or wake intrusion leads to decreased REM stability during sleep (16).”
BackgroundFenech, A. L., Perndorfer, C., Soriano, E. C., Otto, A. K., Brownlee, H. A., Morreale, M. T., Siegel, S. D., & Laurenceau, J. (2022) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07195-z · Cited by 8
“Prior research has noted a relationship between disrupted sleep and affective brain functioning, including mood disorder development and impairments in emotional processing and memory [8, 9].”
BackgroundThe role of sleep and wakefulness in the recognition of emotional pictures
Carollo, G., Degasperi, G., & Cellini, N. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13695 · Cited by 7
“The focus on REM is justified by its unique physiology, and the evidence linking selective REM deprivation with an impaired encoding of emotional stimuli and altered emotional reactivity (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Walker & van Der Helm, 2009).”
BackgroundResultKillgore, W. D. S., Vanuk, J. R., & Dailey, N. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910239 · Cited by 11
“Sleep is critical for healthy social and emotional functioning (Goldstein and Walker, 2014; Ben Simon et al., 2020).”
BackgroundA narrative review of the pathophysiology and impacts of insufficient and disrupted sleep.
Steffey, M. A., Scharf, V. F., Risselada, M., Buote, N. J., Griffon, D. J., Winter, A. L., & Zamprogno, H. (2023) · PubMed Central · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650;
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 679-708
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4286245
- OpenAlex
- W2120192703
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537, F31MH094075)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, REM sleep, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Mood Disorders
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