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The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function
Open accessAbstract
Rapidly emerging evidence continues to describe an intimate and causal relationship between sleep and emotional brain function. These findings are mirrored by long-standing clinical observations demonstrating that nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with one or more sleep abnormalities. This review aims to (a) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep; (b) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, supports a process of affective brain homeostasis, optimally preparing the organism for next-day social and emotional functioning; and (c) describe how this hypothesized framework can explain the prevalent relationships between sleep and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
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“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Walker, 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Our results are in line with studies and theoretical accounts proposing a role of sleep in the affective depotentiation of emotional memories.9,14,13,18,37”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
In the citing paper
“Healthy sleep is associated with normal emotion regulation [9, 10].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“And, as is the case for other forms of emotional memory [10], healthy sleep may be of ongoing, and cumulative importance in the consolidation of memory for both therapeutically induced and naturally learned extinction.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disruption may lead to fatigue [244, 245], executive deficits [246, 247], mood dysregulation [10], and psychosocial impairments [248]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Goldstein & Walker, 2014
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Cites
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Jin, Y., Chen, Y., Song, Y., Lou, H., Li, R., Lou, X., Liu, J., Zhao, Y., & Wang, X. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-01983-5 · Cited by 7
“…to an increased risk of short sleep duration, long sleep onset latency, and increased sleep deficiency, which mainly affected the production of neurotransmitters and hormones and thus had negative influences on psychology (Goldstein and Walker 2014; Minkel et al. 2014; Reid Chassiakos et al. 2016).”
Dubar, R. T., Watkins, N. K., & Hope, M. O. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.10.001 · Cited by 5
Feng, C., Wu, A. M. S., Chen, Y.-P., Xing, Y., Zhai, R., & Zhang, X. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2411881 · Cited by 5
“A neuroscientific study also indicated that the brain structures and neurochemicals that regulate emotions also regulate sleep (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundModeling of whole brain sleep electroencephalogram using deep oscillatory neural network
Ghosh, S., Biswas, D., Rohan, N., Vijayan, S., & Chakravarthy, V. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2025.1513374 · Cited by 6
Kurasawa, S., Yokoi, K., Utsumi, M., Shiozu, H., & Miyai, N. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2019.1672602 · Cited by 5
“In addition, sleep is closely related to important brain functions, such as emotions and memory (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Rasch & Born, 2013).”
BackgroundWang, S., Shi, X., Wang, Z., Li, Z., Wang, A., Jiang, L., & Fan, F. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02373-4 · Cited by 5
“Second, disturbed sleep may impair individuals’ emotion regulation ability (Baum et al., 2014; Mauss et al., 2013) and enhance impulsivity to negative stimuli (Anderson & Platten, 2011; Goldstein & Walker, 2014), all of which in turn increase the risk of emotional problems.”
BackgroundUpdates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Rossi, F., & Tsakadze, N. L. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.73846 · Cited by 5
Infant Sleep as a Cornerstone for Cognitive Development
Seehagen, S. (2022) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/23727322211068006 · Cited by 7
“Sleep problems co-occur with mental health problems and mental disorders (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundThe molecular mechanism of natural short sleep: A path towards understanding why we need to sleep
Zheng, L., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Brain Science Advances · doi:10.26599/bsa.2022.9050003 · Cited by 5
“sleep is crucial for cardiovascular functions [1], metabolic homeostasis [2], immune reactions [3], mental state [4] and cognition [5].”
BackgroundYa, Z., Wang, S., & Shi, X. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03700-z · Cited by 5
Spruyt, K. (2018) · Sleep in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98414-8_1 · Cited by 5
Functions and Circuits of REM Sleep
Gazea, M., Rio‐Bermudez, C. D., Nissen, C., & Adamantidis, A. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00017-7 · Cited by 5
Evolution of sleep in relation to memory – a birds’ brain view
van der Meij, J., Ungurean, G., Rattenborg, N. C., & Beckers, G. J. L. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.12.004 · Cited by 6
Setting the alarm: Word emotional attributes require consolidation to be operational.
Dumay, N., Sharma, D., Kellen, N., & Abdelrahim, S. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000382 · Cited by 6
Aquino, G., Palagini, L., Alfì, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Piarulli, A., & Gemignani, A. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70069 · Cited by 5
“…pituitary adrenal axis, metabolic system, circadian rhythms, and proinflammatory responses (Dressle et al. 2022; Greenlund and Carter 2022; Irwin et al. 2016; Xie et al. 2021), as well as cognitive performance (Satterfield and Killgore 2019) and emotional functioning (Goldstein and Walker 2014).”
Bazmi, S., Pourmontaseri, H., Shahraki, S. F. M., Pourmontaseri, A. R., Askari, A., Bagheri, P., Homayounfar, R., Farjam, M., Dehghan, A., Fakhraei, B., et al. (2025) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-025-00998-w · Cited by 4
Wan, C. C. J., & Leung, Y. Y. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15202614 · Cited by 4
“Sleep fragmentation adversely affects several crucial brain functions, including emotional stability [10], memory consolidation [11], glymphatic clearance [12], and overall cognitive performance [13].”
Cracking the complexity of REM sleep
Dong, Y., & Liu, D. (2025) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2025.10.008 · Cited by 6
Skurvydas, A., Predkelienė, A., Baranauskienė, N., Mockevičienė, D., Šarkauskienė, A., Valančienė, D., Lisinskienė, A., Dirvanskiene, R., & Majauskienė, D. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07567-9 · Cited by 5
“Our findings differ from previous research that identifies stress as a significant factor impacting sleep quality [11, 22, 23].”
Kim, A. J., Morales, S., Senior, J. A., & Mather, M. (2025) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2025.11.008 · Cited by 7
A software system for the assessment of the sleep-wake rhythm using Axivity AX3
Scalera, M., Latrofa, S., Lomonte, N., Tauro, G., & Gentile, E. (2022) · International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) · doi:10.23919/splitech55088.2022.9854306 · Cited by 4
“These life processes are meant to keep the body and mind functioning well, being sleep also essential to regulate emotions: in fact, not sleeping even for a single night can increase the response to negative feelings by 60% [17].”
BackgroundBerry-Cabán, C. S., Beltran, T., Han, R. H., McKiernan, S. P., & Choi, Y. S. (2023) · Discover Social Science and Health · doi:10.1007/s44155-023-00058-w · Cited by 4
“Optimal sleep has also been linked to improved mental health [11].”
Li, N., Hong, X., Cui, Y., & Li, Y. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.09.030 · Cited by 7
Liao, J., Gao, X., Fang, T., Li, Y., & Han, D. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-01969-2 · Cited by 4
“These changes ultimately result in impaired regulation of nonepileptic brainstem activity during REM sleep and disrupted responses in brain regions crucial for emotional processing, such as the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex [40].”
Menzies, R. E., Brown, J., & Marchant, J. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103001 · Cited by 4
A Systematic Review of Mental States and Safety Performance of Construction Workers
Zhou, H., Chan, A. P. C., Yang, Y., & Yi, W. (2025) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-15931 · Cited by 5
Нарушения сна и суицидальное поведение. Сообщение I: Распространённость, влияния и взаимосвязи
Любов, Е. Б., & Zotov, P. B. (2020) · Суицидология · doi:10.32878/suiciderus.20-11-01(38)-98-116 · Cited by 6
Willroth, E. C., Gatchpazian, A., Thai, S., Lassetter, B., Feinberg, M., & Ford, B. Q. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00092-4 · Cited by 4
“REM sleep in particular may serve an overnight “emotional resetting” function (Goldstein & Walker, 2014), supporting differentiation between salient and non-salient affective information.”
BackgroundMethodVegetarians have an indirect positive effect on sleep quality through depression condition
Wang, X., Song, F., Wang, B., Qu, L., Yu, Z., & Shen, X. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33912-7 · Cited by 6
Improving sleep quality is essential for enhancing soluble Klotho levels in hemodialysis patients
Topal, M., & Erkuş, E. (2023) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-023-03693-z · Cited by 4
“Evidence suggests that sleep disorders cause obesity [6], cardiovascular disease [7], diabetes mellitus [8], chronic renal disease [9] and psychiatric problems [10], which are all related with aging.”
BackgroundThe regulation of emotions and problematic alcohol use: a review of literature
Rydzewska, M., Zaorska, J., & Jakubczyk, A. (2023) · Alcoholism and Drug Addiction · doi:10.5114/ain.2023.132441 · Cited by 4
“Z kolei zakłócenie snu REM ( rapid eye movement ; sen z szybkimi ruchami ga-łek ocznych) u osób z bezsennością może nasilić stan nadmiernego pobudzenia układu limbicz-nego [97].”
BackgroundYang, Q., Xie, R., Wang, D., Li, J., Zhang, R., Li, W., & Ding, W. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13046 · Cited by 5
A sleepless night disrupts the resolution of emotional conflicts: Behavioural and neural evidence
Lam, Y. C., Li, C., Hsiao, J. H., & Lau, E. Y. Y. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14176 · Cited by 7
“Research has shed more light on the neural mechanisms that underlie the impact of sleep loss on emotional function (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
Novel Electrophysiological Signatures of Learning and Forgetting in Human Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Shuster, A. E., Chen, P., Niknazar, H., McDevitt, E. A., Lopour, B. A., & Mednick, S. C. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1517-23.2024 · Cited by 5
Developmental pathways from insomnia to suicidality: A resilience perspective
Li, Q., Chen, X., Ya, Z., & Shi, X. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.104 · Cited by 5
Griffiths, K., Velichkova, N., Quadt, L., & Berni, J. (2024) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2024.100187 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650;
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 679-708
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4286245
- OpenAlex
- W2120192703
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537, F31MH094075)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, REM sleep, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Mood Disorders
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