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The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function
Open accessAbstract
Rapidly emerging evidence continues to describe an intimate and causal relationship between sleep and emotional brain function. These findings are mirrored by long-standing clinical observations demonstrating that nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with one or more sleep abnormalities. This review aims to (a) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep; (b) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, supports a process of affective brain homeostasis, optimally preparing the organism for next-day social and emotional functioning; and (c) describe how this hypothesized framework can explain the prevalent relationships between sleep and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
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“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Walker, 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Our results are in line with studies and theoretical accounts proposing a role of sleep in the affective depotentiation of emotional memories.9,14,13,18,37”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
In the citing paper
“Healthy sleep is associated with normal emotion regulation [9, 10].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“And, as is the case for other forms of emotional memory [10], healthy sleep may be of ongoing, and cumulative importance in the consolidation of memory for both therapeutically induced and naturally learned extinction.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disruption may lead to fatigue [244, 245], executive deficits [246, 247], mood dysregulation [10], and psychosocial impairments [248]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Goldstein & Walker, 2014
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Citations
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BackgroundGłówczyński, P., Tatar, D., Dębski, P. G., & Badura-Brzoza, K. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02135-4 · Cited by 5
“Sleep plays a very important role in the functioning of the body, it ensures proper emotional reactivity to surrounding stimuli, takes part in the consolidation of emotions, and also determines the proper development of cognitive functions in adolescence [27, 28].”
BackgroundZhyvotovska, A. I., Boiko, D. I., Bodnar, L., Kozar, Y., Martynenko, Y., & Isakov, R. І. (2023) · AFMN Biomedicine · doi:10.5937/afmnai41-47327 · Cited by 2
Lise, F. D., Bacaro, V., & Crocetti, E. (2024) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2024.2435392 · Cited by 2
“Adolescents’ sleep quality has been recognized as a crucial factor for psychological, cognitive, and behavioral processes that contribute to their mental health and positive well-being (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Krause et al., 2017).”
Decreased PTSD symptoms following a lucid dreaming workshop: A randomized controlled study
Yount, G. L., Stumbrys, T., Taddeo, S., Cannard, C., Arnaud Delorme, A., Kriegsman, M., & Wahbeh, H. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100510 · Cited by 5
Association between higher morning preference and better health-related quality of life in asthma
Patel, N., Deprato, A., Qian, T., Adán, A., Akgün, M., Anderson, A., Brickstock, A., Eathorne, A., Garud, A., Haldar, P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Global · doi:10.1016/j.jacig.2025.100456 · Cited by 2
Sleep dysfunction in social anxiety disorder
Oren‐Yagoda, R., Tene, A., & Aderka, I. M. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12541 · Cited by 2
Do eye movements in REM sleep play a role in overnight emotional processing?
Meshreky, K. M., & Lewis, P. A. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109169 · Cited by 2
“Similarly, In PTSD patients, increased density of EMs in REM is also among the consistently reported findings (Kobayashi et al., 2007).”
InfluentialChen, M. H., Huang, J. W., & Wang, J. (2025) · Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ajsep.2025.06.001 · Cited by 2
López, R., Meza, J. I., Asarnow, L. D., Berk, M. S., McCauley, E., & Asarnow, J. R. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2025.2541349 · Cited by 2
“…consistent with known adverse effects of poor sleep quality on functioning, extant literature suggests that sleep quality is related to SITB by impairing effortful, adaptive emotion regulation processes (see T. R. Goldstein & Franzen, 2022; A. N. Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Krause et al., 2017).”
Memory editing during sleep: mechanisms, clinical applications, and technological innovations
Xia, T., & Hu, X. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.07.010 · Cited by 4
Berkhout, S. W., Schuurman, N. K., Niemeijer, K., Kuppens, P., & Hamaker, E. L. (2025) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2025.2551370 · Cited by 2
“This dynamic inter-play between sleep and affect is not merely a commonly held belief, but it has been studied extensively by psychological researchers as well (e.g., Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Konjarski et al., 2018; Sikka & Gross, 2023; van der Helm & Walker, 2009).”
Wang, X., Lei, J., Li, W., Liu, X., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Lv, M., Han, X., Wang, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120354 · Cited by 2
Dodd, F. L., Weishaupt, R., Katumba, P. K. M., Elcoate, R., & Wightman, E. L. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251381261 · Cited by 2
“The relationship between stress and sleep is recognised as being bidirectional (Goldstein and Walker, 2014; Meerlo et al., 2008).”
Brown, T., & Filbey, F. M. (2025) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00785 · Cited by 2
“…95 % CI = the confidence interval that provides the plausible range for the population effect. reactivity and difficulty in coping with stressors [42]. fMRI findings show that reduced REM sleep increases amygdala activation and medial prefrontal cortex control during emotional tasks [39], which…”
Cardiovascular Activity Predominantly Modulates Brain Dynamics in Non‐REM Sleep Transitions
Catrambone, V., Faraguna, U., & Valenza, G. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70138 · Cited by 2
Baldini, V. (2025) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint6040149 · Cited by 2
“Neurobiologically, sleep deprivation and fragmentation can cause hyperactivation of limbic areas (such as the amygdala) and decreased prefrontal regulatory control, leading to increased emotional reactivity and impulsivity [15].”
InfluentialMotivation meets sleep: tuning arousal via nucleus accumbens and Basal Ganglia circuits
Sayegh, F. J. P., & Bonnavion, P. (2025) · npj Biological Timing and Sleep · doi:10.1038/s44323-025-00059-9 · Cited by 2
“ItisplausiblethattheNAcparticipatesintransformingemotionally chargedexperiencesintoemotionallyneutralmemoriesovertime,aprocess believedtooccurduringREMsleep 109 .”
Sleep regulates drug seeking and relapse – a perspective
Liu, Y.-Z., Martin, H. R., Hasler, B. P., Franzen, P. L., Seney, M. L., Torregrossa, M. M., McClung, C. A., Dong, Y., & Huang, Y. H. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03406-1 · Cited by 2
Hu, W., Yang, Y., Tian, F., Liu, Z., Liu, G., Wu, Y., & Zuo, G. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.108906 · Cited by 2
Chen, T. X., Cheng, C.-Y., Koay, M., Soh, C. B., & Hartanto, A. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101030 · Cited by 3
Bruni, O., Mammarella, V., Breda, M., Gringras, P., Malow, B. A., Schaer, M., Schroder, C. M., & Weiss, S. K. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102286 · Cited by 3
Zhu, S., Li, Y., Fang, P., Wang, T., Liu, L., Li, Y., Bi, K., Ding, S., Zhu, J., & Zhu, D. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121744 · Cited by 2
Bionic sleep therapy for refractory insomnia: a case report and literature review
Xiao, Q., Zhu, S.-Y., Ma, Y., Zhao, P.-C., Chen, H., Bao, Y.-J., Lei, J.-M., Wang, L. L., Zhou, H., Ma, R.-X., et al. (2026) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-026-03812-0 · Cited by 2
“This leads to increased emotional reactivity, diminished emotion regulation capacity, and impaired fear memory extinction [47, 48].”
Assessment of the relationship between sleep and welfare in dogs using AWAG data
Malkani, R., Tooley, C., Heath, S., Oxley, J., & Wolfensohn, S. (2026) · Discover Animals · doi:10.1007/s44338-026-00191-1 · Cited by 2
Relationship Between Emotions, Sleep and Well-Being
Zaccaro, A., Conversano, C., Lai, E. Y., & Gemignani, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25816-0_8 · Cited by 2
Sleep in Critical Illness: Future Directions
Knauert, M. P., & Parthasarathy, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06447-0_17 · Cited by 2
Occupational stress and burnout among young surgeons: a review
Dhivakar, S., Rai, A., Sandhu, H., Das, A., Subedi, R. P., & Reddy, K. M. R. (2023) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20230342 · Cited by 2
Zeghari, R., Gindt, M., Guivarch, J., Auby, P., Robert, P. H., Rolling, J., Schroder, C. M., Valo, P., Askenazy-Gittard, F., & Fernandez, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11222953 · Cited by 2
“Sleep could also influence emotional regulation processes [48].”
BackgroundThondala, B., Pawar, H., & Panjwani, U. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7652-2_19 · Cited by 2
The futuristic manifolds of REM sleep
Parrino, L., & Rosenzweig, I. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14271 · Cited by 2
Pina, I., Hodgson, P., Anderson, K. N., & Oliver, E. J. (2024) · Journal of Activity Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors · doi:10.1186/s44167-024-00058-4 · Cited by 2
“Occurrence of comorbid sleep and circadian rhythm disorders are commonly experienced by individuals living with SMI [43], affecting emotional and cognitive functioning [44, 45].”
BackgroundAdolescent Sleep Quality as Critical Component of Healthy Lifestyle
Adamčák, Š., Marko, M., & Bartík, P. (2024) · Health Technologies · doi:10.58962/ht.2024.2.3.8-19 · Cited by 2
Sayk, C., Lehmann-Grube, J., Faßbinder, E., Groch, S., Schäfer, I., & Wilhelm, I. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2432163 · Cited by 2
Senn, R., Rigotti, V., Bahmani, D. S., Stanga, Z. G., Ülgür, I. I., Blais, R. K., Fichter, C., Schkade, I., Annen, H., & Brand, S. (2025) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2024.2441792 · Cited by 2
“…psychological ill-being, including anxiety and depression (Baglioni et al., 2010, 2016; Baker et al., 2019; Baum et al., 2014; Brand et al., 2016; Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Krause et al., 2017; X. Wang et al., 2019), impulsivity (Acheson et al., 2007; Guarana et al., 2021), non-suicidal…”
InfluentialLeitner, C., Greco, V., Casoni, F. M., Lewis, P. A., Ferini‐Strambi, L., & Galbiati, A. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7010009 · Cited by 2
“According to the Sleep to Forget Sleep to Remember (SFSR) hypothesis by Walker, REM sleep specifically supports this decoupling due to its unique neurobiological characteristics [10].”
The subcortical correlates of self-reported sleep quality
Monti, M. M. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf115 · Cited by 2
Hippocampal Transcriptome Analysis in a Mouse Model of Chronic Unpredictable Stress Insomnia
Zhang, S., Tong, C., Cao, N., Tian, D., Du, L., Xu, Y., Wang, W., Chen, Z., & Zhai, S. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13051205 · Cited by 2
“Failure to address or alleviate psychological or environmental stress in a timely manner may lead to the progression of stress-related insomnia to chronic insomnia [3,4].”
Chen, Y., Ye, J., Chen, J., Zhen, Z., Tang, C., Ren, S., Han, Q., & Gao, D. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s518104 · Cited by 2
“28,31 However, emotions can have a reciprocal influence on sleep.”
Le, F., Yap, Y., Dumuid, D., & Wiley, J. F. (2025) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaf050 · Cited by 3
“…the effect of trade-offs of time between sleep stages could clarify the existing mixed evidence regarding the role of REM sleep in facilitating emotional homeostasis 19,20 (ie, adaptative restoration) and empirical evidence showing REM sleep deprivation did not influence affective processing.”
Thagard, P. R. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198962373.001.0001 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650;
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 679-708
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4286245
- OpenAlex
- W2120192703
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537, F31MH094075)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, REM sleep, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Mood Disorders
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