The DOI matches its Crossref record; 151 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function
Open accessAbstract
Rapidly emerging evidence continues to describe an intimate and causal relationship between sleep and emotional brain function. These findings are mirrored by long-standing clinical observations demonstrating that nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with one or more sleep abnormalities. This review aims to (a) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep; (b) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, supports a process of affective brain homeostasis, optimally preparing the organism for next-day social and emotional functioning; and (c) describe how this hypothesized framework can explain the prevalent relationships between sleep and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Walker, 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our results are in line with studies and theoretical accounts proposing a role of sleep in the affective depotentiation of emotional memories.9,14,13,18,37”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
In the citing paper
“Healthy sleep is associated with normal emotion regulation [9, 10].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“And, as is the case for other forms of emotional memory [10], healthy sleep may be of ongoing, and cumulative importance in the consolidation of memory for both therapeutically induced and naturally learned extinction.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disruption may lead to fatigue [244, 245], executive deficits [246, 247], mood dysregulation [10], and psychosocial impairments [248]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Goldstein & Walker, 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541 · cited 1×
“Cortisol is also released in response to stressful events (Sapolsky et al 2000), and can independently modulate emotional memory through direct and indirect effects on the hippocampus and amygdala (McIntyre et al 2012, Roozendaal et al 2009, Sapolsky et al 2000).”
BackgroundSapolsky, R. M. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.21.1.55 · Cited by 7,533
Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 · Cited by 4,472 · cited 4×
“As a consequence of this high tonic background activity, the phasic signals in response to external emotional stimuli result in poor signal-to-noise within the system, and thus reduced specificity (Figure 6b) (Aston-Jones & Cohen 2005, Mallick & Singh 2011, Valentino & Van Bockstaele 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialEtkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504 · Cited by 3,391 · cited 2×
“…of aversive events, increased anticipatory limbic activity positively predicts clinical features of anxiety disorders, such as worry and rumination (Etkin & Wager 2007, Nitschke et al 2009, Paulus & Stein 2006), many of which express co-occurring impairments in the quantity and quality of sleep…”
BackgroundTHE AMYGDALA MODULATES THE CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORIES OF EMOTIONALLY AROUSING EXPERIENCES
McGaugh, J. L. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144157 · Cited by 2,296 · cited 1×
“Affective experiences appear to be remembered more robustly than neutral memories due to well characterized set of adrenergic and peripheral autonomic reactions elicited at the time of the experience, orchestrated, in part, by the locus coeruleus (McGaugh 2004).”
BackgroundDinges, D. F., Pack, F. M., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Trasande, C. A., & Pack, A. I. (1997) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.4.267 · Cited by 2,018 · cited 2×
“…aims to (1) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep, (2) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep,…”
BackgroundHeart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding
Appelhans, B. M., & Luecken, L. J. (2006) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.229 · Cited by 1,893
Phelps, E. A., Delgado, M. R., Nearing, K. I., & LeDoux, J. E. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.042 · Cited by 1,753
Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.042 · Cited by 1,325 · cited 2×
“…anticipatory limbic activity positively predicts clinical features of anxiety disorders, such as worry and rumination (Etkin & Wager 2007, Nitschke et al 2009, Paulus & Stein 2006), many of which express co-occurring impairments in the quantity and quality of sleep (Papadimitriou & Linkowski 2005).”
BackgroundThe human emotional brain without sleep—a prefrontal amygdala disconnect
Yoo, S.-S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F. A., & Walker, M. P. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007 · Cited by 1,303 · cited 5×
“…supporting this theory, and potentially underlying the alterations in salience discrimination, PTSD patients express hyperactivity of the amygdala yet hypoactivity of the PFC; a similar profile to that observed in sleep-deprived healthy controls (Figure 8)(Motomura et al 2013, Yoo et al 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Blier P, 2011, Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 7, 15
- Buysse DJ, 2004, Geriatrics, 59, 47
- Dimsdale JE, 2007, J. Clin. Sleep Med., 3, 33
- Dinges DF, 1997, Sleep, 20, 267
- 10.1037//0021-843X.108.1.134 · DOI · Paper page
- Horne JA, 1985, Ann. Clin. Res., 17, 199
- Pace-Schott EF, 2009, Sleep, 32, 19
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,002
Yang, L., Simon, L., Wang, L., & Zheng, X. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000088 · Cited by 65
Waxmonsky, J. G., Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Fernández‐Mendoza, J., Waschbusch, D. A., Bendixsen, B. H., & Bixler, E. O. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.02.006 · Cited by 70
Sleep: its importance and the effects of deprivation on surgeons and other healthcare professionals
Parry, D. A., Oeppen, R. S., Amin, M. S. A., & Brennan, P. A. (2018) · British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.08.001 · Cited by 63
24-Hour Movement Behaviors and Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors Among Youth.
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., Goldfield, G., Janssen, I., Wang, J.-L., Tremblay, M., Barnes, J., Walsh, J. J., & Chaput, J. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.003 · Cited by 57
“Short sleep duration affects brain activity and neurochemicals that regulate mood and cognitive function [16].”
BackgroundSaksvik‐Lehouillier, I., Saksvik, S. B., Dahlberg, J., Tanum, T. K., Ringen, H., Karlsen, H. R., Smedbøl, T., Sørengaard, T. A., Stople, M., Kallestad, H., et al. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa078 · Cited by 66
“Both the ability to express and regulate emotions are affected by lack of sleep [17].”
BackgroundEffect of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Neurocognitive Performance
Seda, G., & Han, T. S. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.10.001 · Cited by 67
Sleep, Depression, and Fatigue in Late Postpartum
Thomas, K. A., & Spieker, S. J. (2016) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000000213 · Cited by 61
“…recognized as a factor contributing to metabolic disturbance and obesity (Penev, 2012), infl ammation and cardiovascular disease (Grandner, Sands-Lincoln, Pak, & Garland, 2013), emotional health and mood (Goldstein & Walker, 2014), and cognitive abilities and performance (Jackson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSong, X., Roy, B., Kang, D. W., Aysola, R., Macey, P. M., Woo, M. A., Yan‐Go, F. L., Harper, R. M., & Kumar, R. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.994 · Cited by 62
“…earlier studies have proposed several mechanisms, including brain tissue injury induced by intermittent hypoxia or ischemia, and emotion- related network dysfunction caused by sleep disturbances and fragmented sleep (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Rosenzweig et al., 2015; Sforza & Roche, 2012).”
BackgroundSleep and Affect: A Conceptual ReviewPreprint
ten Brink, M., Dietch, J. R., Tutek, J., Suh, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Manber, R. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101670 · Cited by 66
You, Y., Liu, J., Li, X., Wang, P., Liu, R., & Ma, X. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.17057 · Cited by 65
“Additionally, the PFC receives abundant neuromodulatory input from structures involved in sleep and arousal regulation, and compromised PFC function consistently manifests as a symptom in the sleep-deprived brain ( Goldstein & Walker, 2014 ; Krause et al., 2017 ).”
BackgroundEffect of sleep deprivation on emotional working memory
Gerhardsson, A., Åkerstedt, T., Axelsson, J., Fischer, H., Lekander, M., & Schwarz, J. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12744 · Cited by 65
“Sleep deprivation is also associated with emotional dysregulation (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundGoel, M., Mittal, A., Jain, V. R., Bharadwaj, A., Modi, S., Ahuja, G., Jain, A., & Kumar, K. (2024) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531241255492 · Cited by 68
“65 One of the primary sources of input to the hypothalamus is the cerebral cortex.”
Çalışkan, G., & Stork, O. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.022 · Cited by 55
Wright, L., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. E. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248919 · Cited by 58
Volitional limbic neuromodulation exerts a beneficial clinical effect on Fibromyalgia
Goldway, N., Ablin, J. N., Lubin, O., Zamir, Y., Keynan, J. N., Or‐Borichev, A., Cavazza, M., Charles, F., Intrator, N., Brill, S., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.001 · Cited by 59
“Following insuf fi cient sleep this network displays non-speci fi c, over generalizing responses to emotional cues (Goldstein and Walker, 2014).”
Sex, Sleep Deprivation, and the Anxious Brain
Goldstein‐Piekarski, A. N., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J., Harvey, A. G., Williams, L. M., & Walker, M. P. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01225 · Cited by 57
“…School of Brown University © 2017 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30:4, pp. 565–578 doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01225 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jocn_a_01225 by guest on 30 May 2021 influence on anxiety (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe ameliorative effect of fluoxetine on neuroinflammation induced by sleep deprivation
Xia, M., Li, X., Yang, L., Ren, J., Sun, G., Qi, S., Verkhratsky, A., & Li, B. (2018) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14272 · Cited by 53
Sheaves, B., Rek, S. V., & Freeman, D. H. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102241 · Cited by 59
“The REM sleep emotional homeostasis hypothesis asserts that REM sleep (in which the majority of dreaming occurs) functions to strip away the emotional charge from the previous day's affective experiences whilst consolidating encoding of episodic events (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundProspects for circadian treatment of mood disorders
Hühne-Landgraf, A., Welsh, D. K., & Landgraf, D. (2018) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2018.1530449 · Cited by 57
“regulating brain areas, including prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and locus coeruleus [97].”
BackgroundXia, M., Li, Z., Li, S., Liang, S., Li, X., Chen, B., Zhang, M., Dong, C., Verkhratsky, A., Guan, D., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00524-4 · Cited by 55
Sleep Characteristics and Risk Factors of Korean Esports Athletes: An Exploratory Study
Lee, S., Bonnar, D., Kim, Y., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Gradisar, M., & Suh, S. A. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2020.00773 · Cited by 55
“Players with sub-optimal sleep appear more likely to be emotionally sensitive to negative comments from team members and coaches regarding their performance [38].”
BackgroundWang, G., Deng, Y., Jiang, Y., Lin, Q., Dong, S., Song, Y., Zhu, L., Zhu, Q., Sun, W., Zhang, Y., et al. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy179 · Cited by 55
Reducing Stress with Yoga: A Systematic Review Based on Multimodal Biosignals
Khajuria, A., Kumar, A., Joshi, D., & Kumaran, S. S. (2023) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_218_23 · Cited by 69
“[22] As a supplemental therapy for many diseases, meditation and yoga‑based techniques are being used more frequently by psychologists and other medical professionals to assist their patients in reducing stress.”
BackgroundDaily family stress and HPA axis functioning during adolescence: The moderating role of sleep
Chiang, J. J., Tsai, K. M., Park, H., Bower, J. E., Almeida, D. M., Dahl, R. E., Irwin, M. R., Seeman, T. E., & Fuligni, A. J. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.009 · Cited by 54
“More specifically, sleep may be a coping mechanism that facilitates emotional and biological recovery from the challenges of the day and recalibrates systems to face challenges of the following day (Goldstein and Walker, 2014; Suchecki et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPeace of mind and anxiety in the waking state are related to the affective content of dreams
Sikka, P., Pesonen, H., & Revonsuo, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30721-1 · Cited by 67
“There were four separate outcome variables representing the ratings of dream affect with self- and external ratings: (1) external ratings of positive affect (Dreams_ER_PA); (2) external ratings of negative affect (Dreams_ER_ NA); (3) self-ratings of positive affect (Dreams_SR_PA); (4) self-ratings of negative affect (…”
BackgroundDelayed fear extinction in individuals with insomnia disorder
Seo, J., Moore, K. N., Gazecki, S., Bottary, R. M., Milad, M. R., Song, H., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2018) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy095 · Cited by 49
Hopkins, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00922 · Cited by 53
“His main symptom was a compulsion involuntarily to imagine, as in a waking nightmare, that his beloved father and venerated lady were being subjected to a terrible torture, in which hungry rats ate their way into the anus of the victim, causing an agonizing death.”
BackgroundAcute Social Defeat Stress Increases Sleep in Mice
Fujii, S., Kaushik, M. K., Zhou, X., Korkutata, M., & Lazarus, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00322 · Cited by 53
Stress, Sleep, and Coping Self-Efficacy in Adolescents
ten Brink, M., Lee, H. Y., Manber, R., Yeager, D. S., & Gross, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01337-4 · Cited by 56
“Experimental sleep deprivation causes next-day heightened negative reactivity (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Ben Simon et al., 2020) and negative attentional bias (Krause, et al., 2017); increased anger, stress, and frustration in the face of challenges (Minkel, et al., 2012); and an exaggerated stress…”
BackgroundVarma, P., Burge, M. T., Meaklim, H., Junge, M. F., & Jackson, M. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116030 · Cited by 55
“These brain regions also show convergence towards emotional reactivity and consequential action [66], which can prepare individuals for responding to stressful events such as the COVID-19 pandemic.”
BackgroundAssociation Between Sleep Quality and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents
Kim, H., Kim, S. H., Jang, S., & Park, E. (2022) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.21.498 · Cited by 53
“The biological mechanism hypothesis suggests that sleep problems not only precede anxiety disorder, but can also be a risk factor for anxiety disorder [32-35].”
BackgroundHeatwaves and human sleep: Stress response versus adaptation
Buguet, A., Radomski, M. W., Reis, J. J., & Spencer, P. S. (2023) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2023.120862 · Cited by 57
Huntsman, D. D., & Bulaj, G. W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042248 · Cited by 60
“tions between the quality of sleep and diverse health conditions [34,35,103,150].”
BackgroundNapping in College Students and Its Relationship With Nighttime Sleep
Ye, L., Johnson, S. H., Keane, K., Manasia, M., & Gregas, M. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.983926 · Cited by 52
Effects of Social Defeat Stress on Sleep in Mice
Henderson, F. J., Vialou, V., Mestikawy, S. E., & Fabre, V. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00227 · Cited by 52
“It is believed to promote emotional memory consolidation and to weaken the emotional content related to a traumatic event (“Sleep to forget and sleep to remember” model, Goldstein and Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Lockdowns and Social Isolation on Sleep Quality
O'Regan, D., Jackson, M. L., Young, A. H., & Rosenzweig, I. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s266240 · Cited by 49
“emotional events on both ends of positive and negative spectrum, suggesting a bidirectional impact of any such REM sleep disturbance on affected individuals.(6,20) Similarly, Steenblock et al argued for a link between the ongoing SARS-COV-2 outbreak and the neuroendocrine stress axis.”
BackgroundChiang, J. J., Kim, J. J., Almeida, D. M., Bower, J. E., Dahl, R. E., Irwin, M. R., McCreath, H. E., & Fuligni, A. J. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.011 · Cited by 52
“brain’s sensitivity to emotional stimuli [34].”
Christensen, K. A., & Short, N. A. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23498 · Cited by 49
“Furthermore, insomnia is associated with both objective and subjective impairments in cognitive performance, particularly related to negative emotional tasks (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Wardle-Pinkston et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLerner, I., Lupkin, S. M., Tsai, A., Khawaja, A., & Gluck, M. A. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107413 · Cited by 49
“…Kobayashi et al., 2007), and exhibit less discrimination between fear responses to threatening and non-threatening stimuli (Grillon & Morgan, 1999), our results support the view that REM malfunction might be a leading factor in the initiation and maintenance of PTSD (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
MethodResultInfluentialDevelopmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?
Palagini, L., Domschke, K., Benedetti, F., Foster, F., Wulff, K., & Riemann, D. W. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011 · Cited by 52
Wang, C., Yan, S., Jiang, H., Guo, Y., Gan, Y., Lv, C., & Lu, Z. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14002-1 · Cited by 56
Optimizing Sleep in the Military
Capaldi, V. F., Balkin, T. J., & Mysliwiec, V. (2018) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.08.1061 · Cited by 49
McManimen, S. L., McClellan, D., Stoothoff, J., & Jason, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21984 · Cited by 46
“In the general population, difficulty with sleep is a known predictor of future depression (Goldstein & Walker, 2014) and a systemic review by Bernert, Kim, Iwata, and Perlis (2015) found sleep disturbances were significantly associated with suicidal behaviors (e.g., ideation or attempts) after…”
Backgroundde Weerth, C. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000494 · Cited by 49
“In addition, nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with sleep disturbances, and emotional processing in the brain and sleep are hypothesized to influence each other causally and bidirectionally (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundRole of normal sleep and sleep apnea in human memory processing
Ahuja, S., Chen, R. K., Kam, K., Pettibone, W. D., Osorio, R. S., & Varga, A. W. (2018) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s125299 · Cited by 50
“associated with late-night sleep – a period that is well known to be rich in REM sleep.(84,85) Moreover, it has been shown that post-sleep emotional memory recall is significantly associated with the amount of REM sleep obtained, but not with total sleep time or time in any other sleep stage.”
A Systematic Review of Sleep Associations in Parents and Children
Varma, P., Conduit, R., Junge, M. F., Lee, V. V., & Jackson, M. L. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02002-5 · Cited by 53
“12 34 56 78 90 () ;,: 12 34 56 78 90 (); ,: conditions, acts as a protective factor for emotional wellbeing, improves cognitive functioning, and is essential for learning and memory consolidation in both adults and children (e.g., Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Harvey, 2011; Mindell & Williamson, 2018).”
BackgroundPressman, S. D., Jenkins, B. N., Kraft-Feil, T. L., Rasmussen, H. N., & Scheier, M. F. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000256 · Cited by 45
“…e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. Emotion © 2017 American Psychological Association 2017, Vol. 17, No. 5, 778–793 1528-3542/17/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000256 778 hibitory processes in the brain (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
InfluentialBooth, B. M., Mundnich, K., Feng, T., Nadarajan, A., Falk, T. H., Villatte, J. L., Ferrara, E., & Narayanan, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12832 · Cited by 47
“Health (physical and emotional) [87,88] Sleep”
Chai, Y., Gehrman, P., Yu, M., Mao, T., Deng, Y., Rao, J., Shi, H., Quan, P., Xu, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2214505120 · Cited by 42
“Thus, mood deterioration observed in MDD may be driven by excess REM sleep which impairs ACC/mPFC–amygdala emotional function (2).”
BackgroundInsomnia symptoms as a risk factor for cessation failure following smoking cessation treatment
Short, N. A., Mathes, B. M., Gibby, B. A., Oglesby, M. E., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2016.1190342 · Cited by 44
Pichardo, C. M., Molina, K. M., Rosas, C. E., Uriostegui, M., & Sánchez-Johnsen, L. (2020) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-020-09304-1 · Cited by 45
“2013), which in turn is associated with depressive symptoms (Goldstein and Walker 2014; Scott et al. 2006), is supported by theoretical frameworks and empirical work, the cross-sectional design of the study does not allow for establishing bidirectional, temporal associations of variables in the model.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, W., Guo, Y., Du, X., Li, W., Wu, R., Guo, L., & Lu, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.786640 · Cited by 55
“, the prefrontal lobe), which is responsible for emotional regulation and cognitive function (39).”
BackgroundLi, Y. I., Starr, L. R., & Wray‐Lake, L. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22764 · Cited by 48
“…reports of sleep quality are significantly related to amygdala reactivity as well as to reports of negative affect and stress, suggesting that self-perceived sleep quality may be an indicator of emotional processing efficacy during sleep (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Prather, Bogdan, & Hariri, 2013).”
BackgroundTargeted memory reactivation in REM but not SWS selectively reduces arousal responses
Hutchison, I. C., Pezzoli, S., Tsimpanouli, M.-E., Abdellahi, M. E. A., Pobric, G., Hulleman, J., & Lewis, P. A. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01854-3 · Cited by 48
Tsao, C.-H., Jonathan Flint, C., & Huang, G. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03155-5 · Cited by 43
McCall, C. A., & Watson, N. F. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11020415 · Cited by 42
Sleep and Cognitive Performance From Teens To Old Age: More Is Not Better
Richards, A. L., Inslicht, S. S., Metzler, T. J., Mohlenhoff, B. S., Rao, M. N., O’Donovan, A., & Neylan, T. C. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw029 · Cited by 44
“Ample research has demonstrated that sleep is important for emotional processing and recalibration.(39) School-related cognitive performance, and solid judgment in the context of teen driving and substance use, for example, which are the types of cognitive performance outcomes most often examined in large-scale resear…”
BackgroundFeng, P., Becker, B., Zheng, Y., & Feng, T. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx148 · Cited by 40
“Accumulating evidence suggests that SD increases the noradrenergic tone promoting an exaggerated and overgeneralized hyper-reactivity in the core nodes of the affective salience and arousal networks, including the amygdala and insula (Franzen et al., 2009; Goldstein-Piekarski et al., 2015; Goldstein et al., 2013; Gold…”
BackgroundInfluentialLight therapy with boxes or glasses to counteract effects of acute sleep deprivation
Comtet, H., Geoffroy, P. A., Frisk, M. K., Hubbard, J. T., Robin-Choteau, L., Calvel, L. Y., Hugueny, L., Viola, A., & Bourgin, P. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54311-x · Cited by 47
Theta-gamma coupling during REM sleep depends on breathing rate
Hammer, M., Schwale, C., Brankačk, J., Draguhn, A., & Tort, A. B. L. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab189 · Cited by 47
Sleep deprivation affects reactivity to positive but not negative stimuli
Pilcher, J. J., Callan, C., & Posey, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.05.003 · Cited by 43
“Studies suggest that sleep rapid-eye movement sleep support a basic homeostatic process that primes the individual for emotional functioning during the following wake period (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe influence of sleep on fear extinction in trauma-related disorders
Pace-Schott, E. F., Seo, J., & Bottary, R. M. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100500 · Cited by 49
“safety learning (14, 15), and REM abnormalities reported in the early aftermath of trauma have been hypothesized to play a significant role in the development of PTSD (16-21).”
BackgroundSleep, Sleep Disorders, and Mental Health: A Narrative Review
Howarth, N. E., & Miller, M. A. (2024) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm-d-24-00030 · Cited by 52
Jiang, P., Scarpa, J. R., Fitzpatrick, K., Losic, B., Gao, V., Hao, K., Summa, K. C., Yang, H. S., Zhang, B., Allada, R., et al. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.003 · Cited by 40
Seo, J., Pace-Schott, E. F., Milad, M. R., Song, H., & Germain, A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.013 · Cited by 42
Hysing, M., Heradstveit, O., Harvey, A. G., Nilsen, S. A., Bøe, T., & Sivertsen, B. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01676-4 · Cited by 46
Poon, K., Ho, M. S. H., Tai, A. P.-L., Leung, M.-K., Chan, M., & Lau, W. K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56688-w · Cited by 44
“Nevertheless, sleep is an important brain function for memory consolidation, brain reactivity, and emotional regulation 71,72 .”
BackgroundAbdali, N., Nobahar, M., & Ghorbani, R. (2019) · Qatar medical journal · doi:10.5339/qmj.2019.15 · Cited by 40
“Another study reviewed the effects of sleep on brain function, indicating the adverse effects of sleep deprivation on brain performance, information processing, and emotional memories.(22) Weber et al.”
BackgroundWirth, M. D., Jessup, A., Turner‐McGrievy, G. M., Shivappa, N., Hurley, T. G., & Hébert, J. R. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa093 · Cited by 41
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Chaput, J.-P., Goldfield, G. S., Janssen, I., Wang, J., Hamilton, H. A., Ferro, M. A., & Colman, I. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720970863 · Cited by 39
“Short sleep duration affects brain activity and neurochemicals that regulate mood and thinking.(50) It is associated with greater stress reactivity within the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, thus increasing the risk of psychopathological disorder.”
BackgroundZerón-Rugerio, M. F., Hernáez, Á., Cambras, T., & Izquierdo-Pulido, M. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105899 · Cited by 45
Updating memories of unwanted emotions during human sleep
Xia, T., Yao, Z., Guo, X., Liu, J., Chen, D., Liu, Q., Paller, K. A., & Hu, X. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.004 · Cited by 48
Mikoteit, T., Brand, S., Eckert, A., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Beck, J. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.020 · Cited by 39
Insomnia and REM sleep instability
Feige, B., Benz, F., Dressle, R. J., & Riemann, D. W. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14032 · Cited by 42
Causal Mediation in the Development of Painful Temporomandibular Disorder
Sanders, A. E., Akinkugbe, A. A., Fillingim, R. B., Ohrbach, R. K., Greenspan, J. D., Maixner, W. D., Bair, E., & Slade, G. D. (2016) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.12.003 · Cited by 40
Liu, Y., Niu, L., Liu, X., Cheng, C., & Le, W. (2021) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-021-00711-x · Cited by 39
Harvey, A. G. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac026 · Cited by 41
Moen, F., Vatn, M., Olsen, M., Haugan, J. A., & Skalická, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.697535 · Cited by 42
Haws, J. K., Brockdorf, A. N., Gratz, K. L., Messman, T. L., Tull, M. T., & DiLillo, D. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102536 · Cited by 38
Lueke, N. A., & Assar, A. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2068350 · Cited by 51
“8 Indeed, the aforementioned alterations in brain networks support the prevalent relationships observed between poor sleep and amplification of perceived stress, 8–11 and psychiatric disorders such as depression.”
BackgroundInfluentialDevine, J. K., & Wolf, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12369 · Cited by 36
Riera-Sampol, A., Bennasar-Veny, M., Tauler, P., Nafría, M., Colom, M., & Aguilo, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020585 · Cited by 36
“Insomnia increases the risk of developing depression and negatively affects the disease’s trajectory, and it is associated with higher suicide rates [5].”
BackgroundLerner, I., Lupkin, S. M., Sinha, N., Tsai, A., & Gluck, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0578-17.2017 · Cited by 38
“…strength of the formed association between the CS and US, it may be influenced by both one’s individual level of stress (reflected in SCR) and by the NE-modulated sensitivity levels in the amygdala (affected by REM sleep according to the REM recalibration hypothesis; Goldstein and Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of early morning nap sleep on associative memory for neutral and emotional stimuli
Sopp, M. R., Michael, T., & Mecklinger, A. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.020 · Cited by 33
Bajaj, S., Blair, K. S., Schwartz, A., Dobbertin, M. D., & Blair, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243527 · Cited by 37
“Moreover, sleep disorders may also reduce the body’s affective response to effectively respond to stressors [71, 72].”
BackgroundPrimeau, M. M., Gershon, A., Talbot, L. S., Cotto, I., Lotspeich, L. J., Hardan, A. Y., Hallmayer, J. F., & O'Hara, R. M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5584 · Cited by 35
Veilleux, J. C. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221118327 · Cited by 44
“This is supported by research suggesting that people feel negative emotions more intensely after sleep deprivation (Goldstein & Walker, 2014) or when socially excluded (Kross et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAlzueta, E., & Baker, F. C. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.06.003 · Cited by 49
Kirov, R., Brand, S., Banaschewski, T., & Rothenberger, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02059 · Cited by 41
Baker, P. M., Mathis, V., Lecourtier, L., Simmons, S. C., Nugent, F. S., Hill, S., & Mizumori, S. J. Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.826475 · Cited by 36
Cunningham, T. J., Stickgold, R., & Kensinger, E. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910317 · Cited by 34
“As such, it has been suggested that sleep not only plays a critical part in the healthy processing of our day-to-day emotional experiences, but also of traumatic experiences as well (Walker and van Der Helm, 2009; Tempesta et al., 2010; van der Helm et al., 2011; Motomura et al., 2013; Stickgold and Walker, 2013; Cunn…”
BackgroundNeylan, T. C., Kessler, R. C., Ressler, K. J., Clifford, G. D., Beaudoin, F. L., An, X., Stevens, J. S., Zeng, D., Linnstaedt, S. D., Germine, L. T., et al. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa200 · Cited by 36
“Sleep has been hypothesized to have a causal role in the pathogenesis of trauma-related disorders via effects on learning and memory, executive function, and emotion regulation [28].”
BackgroundPace-Schott, E. F., & Picchioni, D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00051-9 · Cited by 37
Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.069 · Cited by 33
“There are several pathways through which sleep disturbances such as insomnia are thought to impact PTSS, including cognitive impairment, emotional disturbances, and impaired processing of emotional memories due to sleep loss (Goldstein and Walker, 2014; Walker, 2009).”
BackgroundSleep Moderates the Association Between Response Inhibition and Self-Regulation in Early Childhood
Schumacher, A. M., Miller, A. L., Watamura, S. E., Kurth, S., Lassonde, J. M., & LeBourgeois, M. K. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1204921 · Cited by 41
Ontogeny of Sleep and Its Functions in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
Grigg-Damberger, M. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28640-2_1 · Cited by 34
“(fMRI) [ 111 ].”
BackgroundSleep Preserves Physiological Arousal in Emotional Memory
Ashton, J. E., Harrington, M. O., Guttesen, A. Á. V., Smith, A. K., & Cairney, S. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42478-2 · Cited by 37
Short, N. A., Boffa, J. W., Wissemann, K., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12909 · Cited by 33
“This may reflect a growing line of research indicating that sleep is crucial for the processing of emotional memories (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundAnxiolytic Effect of Increased NREM Sleep after Acute Social Defeat Stress in Mice
Feng, X., Zhao, H., Shao, Y., Lou, H., Zhu, L., Duan, S., & Yu, Y. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00473-y · Cited by 33
Ghilotti, F., Bellocco, R., Lagerros, Y. T., Thorson, A. E., Theorell‐Haglöw, J., Åkerstedt, T., & Lindberg, E. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13093 · Cited by 34
“Recently, it has been found that REM sleep is involved in the resetting of emotions and memory consolidation (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Xia & Storm, 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650;
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 679-708
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4286245
- OpenAlex
- W2120192703
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537, F31MH094075)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, REM sleep, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Mood Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
