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The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function
Open accessAbstract
Rapidly emerging evidence continues to describe an intimate and causal relationship between sleep and emotional brain function. These findings are mirrored by long-standing clinical observations demonstrating that nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with one or more sleep abnormalities. This review aims to (a) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep; (b) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, supports a process of affective brain homeostasis, optimally preparing the organism for next-day social and emotional functioning; and (c) describe how this hypothesized framework can explain the prevalent relationships between sleep and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
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“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Walker, 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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In the citing paper
“Our results are in line with studies and theoretical accounts proposing a role of sleep in the affective depotentiation of emotional memories.9,14,13,18,37”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
In the citing paper
“Healthy sleep is associated with normal emotion regulation [9, 10].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“And, as is the case for other forms of emotional memory [10], healthy sleep may be of ongoing, and cumulative importance in the consolidation of memory for both therapeutically induced and naturally learned extinction.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disruption may lead to fatigue [244, 245], executive deficits [246, 247], mood dysregulation [10], and psychosocial impairments [248]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Goldstein & Walker, 2014
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Citations
Cites
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The Relationship between Sleep and Aggressive Behavior and the Neural Mechanisms behind It
郭, 志. (2024) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2024.133188 · Cited by 1
Actualización sobre apnea obstructiva del sueño en la etapa de movimientos oculares rápidos
Patricio Cárdenas, B., Rodrigo Aliaga, D., & César Imarai, B. (2023) · Revista de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello · doi:10.4067/s0718-48162023000400440 · Cited by 1
Liu, Y., Su, Y., Liu, K., & Jin, Z. (2024) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2524 · Cited by 1
SLEEP DEFICIENCY AND ITS IMPACT ON ATHLETE PERFORMANCE
Tokarski, M. P., Banasiak, A., Sadłowski, B., Bieganek, P., Łukaszewicz, S., Pawłowski, P., Rybak, J., Kordialik, J., Koćwin, J., & Sarnacka, S. (2024) · Health Problems of Civilization · doi:10.5114/hpc.2024.140525 · Cited by 2
Basics of sleep–wake physiology for athletes and sports professionals
Kennedy, K. E. R., Ghani, S. B., Mason, B., Hansen, E. T., & Grandner, M. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822969-9.00007-9 · Cited by 2
A Critical Analysis of Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Emotional Regulation
Singh, A. (2024) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.47604/ijp.2852 · Cited by 1
Öğrenme ve Karar Verme Yolculuğunda Uyku ve Stres Mesaisi
Bayram, K., Acar, A. K., Kara, B. Y. D., & Kaya, D. Ö. (2024) · İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.61399/ikcusbfd.1425777 · Cited by 3
Sawatari, H., Magota, C., Kadokami, T., Nakamura, R., Hayashi, A., & Ando, S. (2024) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-024-00554-9 · Cited by 1
“Chronic sleep fragmentation due to SDB can impair amygdala functioning, a brain region responsible for emotional regulation [17].”
Hemati, N., Alipouriani, A., Moradinazar, M., Ahmadi, A., Mohammadi, R., Bonyani, M., Bahmani, D. S., Brühl, A. B., Khazaie, H., & Brand, S. (2024) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2024.241565 · Cited by 1
Self-Criticism as a Moderator of the Link between Daily Sleep and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Kuburi, S., Wu, Z. X., Orbillo, T., Sadeghi, A., & Hamza, C. A. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-025-02161-4 · Cited by 2
“These disruptions can exacerbate negative emotional states, making individuals more vulnerable to risky coping strategies (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Selby et al., 2008).”
Hubungan antara tingkat stres dan kualitas tidur pada mahasiswa keperawatan tingkat akhir
Nasrah, Kismiyati, K., Felle, Z. R., Apay, F., & Utami, T. F. C. T. (2024) · JURNAL KEPERAWATAN TROPIS PAPUA · doi:10.47539/jktp.v8i1.452 · Cited by 1
Chronotype and Health: The Role of Moderators and Mediators in Shaping Outcomes
Kalra, Y., & Kour, P. (2025) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2025.0007 · Cited by 1
Zhuravlev, M. О., Ukolov, R. V., Евгеньевна, Р. А., & Samatova, K. S. (2021) · International Conference "Quality Management, Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies" (IT&QM&IS) · doi:10.1109/itqmis53292.2021.9642928 · Cited by 1
Schlaf – Fundament der Entspannung
Burch, C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63513-1_10 · Cited by 1
Cha, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.819657 · Cited by 1
Behavioral Presentations of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Alhifzi, S., Zaki, N. F. W., & BaHammam, A. S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_12 · Cited by 1
Ensing, I., & van Marle, H. V. (2020) · Slaapstoornissen in de psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2524-5_17
The Effect of High Altitude on Emotion and its Physiological Mechanism
Fan, J. (2023) · Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences · doi:10.25236/ajhss.2023.062420 · Cited by 1
Schizophrenia, Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Sleep
Manoach, D. S., Shinn, A. K., & Stickgold, R. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-378610-4.00478-2 · Cited by 1
Jamieson, D., McLoughlin, L. T., Beaudequin, D. A., Shan, Z., Boyes, A., Schwenn, P., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390336 · Cited by 1
“It’s therefore not surprising that independently, social connectedness and sleep quality have been shown to be important for mental health [2, 15, 16, 18-20].”
BackgroundAge Differences in Diffusivity in the Locus Coeruleus and its Ascending Noradrenergic TractPreprint
Porat, S., Sibilia, F., Yoon, J., Shi, Y., Dahl, M. J., Werkle‐Bergner, M., Düzel, S., Bodammer, N., Lindenberger, U., Kühn, S., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469621 · Cited by 1
Stressing the Importance of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction
Bellinge, J. W., & Tawakol, A. A. (2024) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.124.017028 · Cited by 1
Sandini, C., Imparato, A., Feller, C. M., Ilen, L., Eliez, S., Stringaris, A. K., & Schneider, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4673085/v1 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Short Sleep Duration on Depression, Mental Health Days, and Physical HealthPreprint
Fasokun, M., Akinyemi, O. A., Ogunyankin, F., Ndebele-Ngwenya, P., Gordon, K., Ikugbayigbe, S., Nwosu, U., Michael, M., Hughes, K., & Ogundare, T. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.25323545 · Cited by 2
Tan, S., Gourabi, S., Cribbet, M. R., Cundiff, J. M., & McDonough, I. M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7066049/v1 · Cited by 1
Tang, K. W. K., Baird, B., Moscoso-Barrera, W. D., Yu, M., Yao, M., Jeong, J., Pyatnitskiy, I., Lozano, A. R., Wang, J., Hsieh, J.-C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.683337 · Cited by 1
Content and frequency of dream reports : psychological and neurophysiological correlates
Vallat, R. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7c390b38z9260z414bzbabdz2b316eacbb17 · Cited by 1
Goldstein, M. R., & Benca, R. M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-378610-4.00054-1 · Cited by 1
Rolling, J., Monnier, L., Zanfonato, T., Kilic-Huck, U., Ruppert, E., Comtet, H., Mengin, A., Fernandez, A., Kerbage, H., Bourgin, P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44470-026-00098-4
“Repeated nocturnal re-experiencing disrupts emotional processing and memory consolidation, creating a vicious cycle: hyperarousal, REM sleep fragmentation, and sleep debt worsen daytime emotional reactivity and reduce regulation [23, 24].”
Does sleep affect socio-emotional functioning?
Beattie, L. (2015) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
Murray, S. L., & Thimgan, M. S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802412-6.00004-2
Kim, S., Bottary, R. M., Orr, S. P., Hofmann, S. G., Simon, N., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.1119
“Sleep, which promotes memory consolidation (Rasch & Born, 2013) and regulates emotion (Goldstein & Walker, 2014), has been suggested as a possible means to augment the therapeutic effectiveness of exposure therapy as sleep may strengthen therapeutic extinction learned during the 2 treatment…”
BackgroundSouthard, V. (2017) · Journal of Novel Physiotherapy and Physical Rehabilitation · doi:10.17352/2455-5487.000052
“In patients with PD, NO production is reduced, which selectively inhibits REM sleep secondary to decreased acetylcholine release [10,11].”
BackgroundThe Role of Couple Sleep Concordance in Subjective Sleep Quality
Elsey, T. (2018) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2018.071
“Inadequate sleep is associated with greater negative affect, irritability, and stress (Goldstein & Walker, 2015).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650;
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 679-708
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4286245
- OpenAlex
- W2120192703
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537, F31MH094075)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, REM sleep, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Mood Disorders
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