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Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production: Patterns, Trends, and Planetary Boundaries
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Economic and population growth result in increasing use of biophysical resources, including land and biomass. Human activities influence the biological productivity of land, altering material and energy flows in the biosphere. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) is an integrated socioecological indicator quantifying effects of human-induced changes in productivity and harvest on ecological biomass flows. We discuss how HANPP is defined, measured, and interpreted. Two principal approaches for constructing HANPP assessments exist: (a) In an area-specific approach, HANPP serves as an indicator of land-use intensity, gauging impacts on terrestrial ecosystems in a defined area; and (b) the consumption-based “embodied HANPP” approach allows assessment of impacts related to individual products or the aggregate consumption of nation-states. The HANPP framework can help to estimate upper limits for the biosphere's capacity to provide humanity with biomass for food, fiber, and bioenergy and to analyze systemic feedbacks between the delivery of these resources. We outline HANPP's global patterns and trajectories and how HANPP relates to planetary boundaries, global resource use, and pressures on biodiversity.
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“Currently approximately one-quarter to one-third of the total potential net primary production on land is used by humans, i.e., of the net primary productivity (NPP) that would prevail in the absence of land use [estimated at approximately 60 GtC a -1 (6)]”
From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
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Harvesting the biosphere: what we have taken from nature
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Haberl, H., Gaube, V., Dı́az-Delgado, R., Krauze, K., Neuner, A., Peterseil, J., Plutzar, C., Singh, S. J., & Vădineanu, A. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.11.013 · Cited by 109
Self-citationHanna, P. R., Kohn, C. F., & Lively, R. A. (1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 103
Human appropriation of net primary production as determinant of avifauna diversity in Austria
Haberl, H., Plutzar, C., Erb, K., Gaube, V., Pollheimer, M., & Schulz, N. B. (2005) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.03.009 · Cited by 98
Self-citationUsing embodied HANPP to analyze teleconnections in the global land system: Conceptual considerations
Haberl, H., Erb, K., Krausmann, F., Berecz, S., Ludwiczek, N., Alier, J. M., Musel, A., & Schaffartzik, A. (2009) · Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography · doi:10.1080/00167223.2009.10649602 · Cited by 94
Self-citationHaberl, H., Erb, K., Krausmann, F., Loibl, W., Schulz, N. B., & Weisz, H. (2001) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2000gb001280 · Cited by 94
Self-citationZaks, D. P. M., Ramankutty, N., Barford, C. C., & Foley, J. A. (2007) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2006gb002705 · Cited by 89
Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production
Haberl, H., Krausmann, F., Erb, K., & Schulz, N. B. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.296.5575.1968 · Cited by 89
Self-citationBeyond the limits: global collapse or a sustainable future?
O’Riordan, T. (1992) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/0143-6228(92)90015-f · Cited by 88
Carrying Capacity and Ecological Economics
Sagoff, M. (1995) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1312765 · Cited by 87
Industrialization, Fossil Fuels, and the Transformation of Land Use
Erb, K., Gingrich, S., Krausmann, F., & Haberl, H. (2008) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00076.x · Cited by 82
Self-citationIndia's biophysical economy, 1961–2008. Sustainability in a national and global context
Singh, S. J., Krausmann, F., Gingrich, S., Haberl, H., Erb, K., Lanz, P., Alier, J. M., & Temper, L. (2012) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.01.022 · Cited by 82
Self-citationPowell, T. W. R., & Lenton, T. M. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee21592f · Cited by 81
The land cost of agrarian sustainability. An assessment
Guzmán, G. I., de Molina, M. G., & Alonso, A. M. (2011) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.010 · Cited by 80
Wirsenius, S. (2003) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1162/108819803766729195 · Cited by 72
Global bioenergy capacity as constrained by observed biospheric productivity rates
Smith, W. K., Zhao, M., & Running, S. W. (2012) · BioScience · doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.10.11 · Cited by 70
Gingrich, S., Erb, K., Krausmann, F., Gaube, V., & Haberl, H. (2007) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-007-0024-6 · Cited by 70
Self-citationBiomass consumed in anthropogenic vegetation fires: global patterns and processes
Lauk, C., & Erb, K.-H. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.003 · Cited by 70 · cited 12×
“A similar study estimated that human appropriation of renewable freshwater in Africa was 17% in the year 2000 (141).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSeeds of Plenty, Seeds of Want.
Nath, S. K., & Pearse, A. (1981) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2232612 · Cited by 70
Land use change, biomass production and HANPP: The case of Hungary 1961–2005
Kohlheb, N., & Krausmann, F. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.010 · Cited by 69
Self-citationKrausmann, F., Gingrich, S., Haberl, H., Erb, K., Musel, A., Kästner, T., Kohlheb, N., Niedertscheider, M., & Schwarzlmüller, E. (2012) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.02.019 · Cited by 66
Self-citationHaberl, H., Steinberger, J. K., Plutzar, C., Erb, K., Gaube, V., Gingrich, S., & Krausmann, F. (2012) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.027 · Cited by 63
Self-citationEnergy efficiency: Assessing the interaction between humans and their environment
Giampietro, M., & Pimentel, D. (1991) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/0921-8009(91)90025-a · Cited by 58
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Self-citationNiedertscheider, M., Gingrich, S., & Erb, K. (2012) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0285-6 · Cited by 57
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Economic Growth and the Environment:Alternatives to the Limits Paradigm
Davidson, C. (2000) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0433:egatea]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 52
What determines geographical patterns of the global human appropriation of net primary production?
Krausmann, F., Haberl, H., Erb, K., Wiesinger, M., Gaube, V., & Gingrich, S. (2009) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/17474230802645568 · Cited by 50
Self-citationLand use?related Changes in Aboveground Carbon Stocks of Austria?s Terrestrial Ecosystems
Erb, K. (2004) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0234-4 · Cited by 48
Self-citationHuman appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) in Nova Scotia, Canada
O’Neill, D. W., Tyedmers, P. H., & Beazley, K. (2006) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-006-0021-1 · Cited by 48
Kastner, T. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.019 · Cited by 48
Kleidon, A. (2006) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.01.016 · Cited by 46
NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AS AN INDICATOR OF SUSTAINABILITY IN THE EBRO AND MISSISSIPPI DELTAS
Cardoch, L., Day, J. W., & Ibáñez, C. (2002) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1044:nppaai]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 45
Schwarzlmüller, E. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.016 · Cited by 43
Fetzel, T., Gradwohl, M., & Erb, K. (2013) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.12.002 · Cited by 43
Self-citationKeeping management effects separate from environmental effects in terrestrial carbon accounting
Houghton, R. A. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12233 · Cited by 42
Human appropriation of net primary production in the United Kingdom, 1800–2000
Musel, A. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.012 · Cited by 41
Past and future sensitivity of primary production to human modification of the landscape
DeFries, R. (2002) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2001gl013620 · Cited by 37
Estimating terrestrial NPP: what the data say and how they may be interpreted?
Alexandrov, G. A., Oikawa, T., & ESSER, G. (1999) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/s0304-3800(99)00019-8 · Cited by 36
Smith, W. K., Cleveland, C. C., Reed, S. C., & Running, S. W. (2013) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2013gl058857 · Cited by 35
Vačkář, D., Chobot, K., & Orlitová, E. (2012) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9779-3 · Cited by 33
Pushing the Planetary Boundaries
Erb, K., Haberl, H., DeFries, R., Ellis, E. C., Krausmann, F., & Verburg, P. H. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.338.6113.1419-d · Cited by 30
Self-citationQuantifying the Human Appropriation of Fresh Water by African Agriculture
Weiß, M., Schaldach, R., Alcamo, J., & Flörke, M. (2009) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-02974-140225 · Cited by 27
Land and Water: Linkages to Bioenergy
Coelho, S. T., Agbenyega, O., Agostini, A., Erb, K.-H., Haberl, H., Hoogwijk, M., Lal, R., Lucon, O., Masera, O., Moreira, J. É. R., et al. (2012) · Global Energy Assessment (GEA) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511793677.026 · Cited by 26
Self-citationHaberl, H., Kastner, T., Schaffartzik, A., Ludwiczek, N., & Erb, K. (2012) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.09.014 · Cited by 23
Self-citationTo settle or protect? A global analysis of net primary production in parks and urban areas
O’Neill, D. W., & Abson, D. J. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.028 · Cited by 23
Human appropriation of aboveground photosynthetic production in the Czech Republic
Vačkář, D., & Orlitová, E. (2010) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0167-8 · Cited by 16
Haberl, H., & Krausmann, F. (2001) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1023/a:1017512325580 · Cited by 13
Self-citationHaberl, H., & Weisz, H. (2007) · Cited by 12
Self-citationErb, K., Haberl, H., & Krausmann, F. (2007) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781847209436.00010 · Cited by 12
Self-citationHuman Appropriation of Net Primary Production, Stocks and Flows of Carbon, and Biodiversity
Haberl, H., Erb, K., Gingrich, S., Kästner, T., & Krausmann, F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6455-2_13 · Cited by 6
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“HANPP designates both the harvesting and the elimination or alteration (mostly reduction) of potential natural NPP (32), mainly through agriculture, silviculture, and grazing.”
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“Permuting potential and actual maps resulted in 42 pairs, which enabled us to quantify the effects of land use on biomass stocks 17,18 .”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., & Krausmann, F.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Klagenfurt (AT)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Environment and Resources
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-10-17
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 363-391
- ISSN
- 1543-5938 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2050
- OpenAlex
- W2101094686
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 161
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15
- FWCI
- 1.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Environment and Resources (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Keywords
- human appropriation of net primary production, planetary boundaries, land use intensity, biomass consumption, food and fiber production, bioenergy, biodiversity pressures, material and energy flows
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