The DOI matches its Crossref record; 203 of the 203 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 130 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Sleep has a critical role in promoting health. Research over the past decade has documented that sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease, the occurrence and progression of several major medical illnesses including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and the incidence of depression. Increasingly, the field has focused on identifying the biological mechanisms underlying these effects. This review highlights the impact of sleep on adaptive and innate immunity, with consideration of the dynamics of sleep disturbance, sleep restriction, and insomnia on (a) antiviral immune responses with consequences for vaccine responses and infectious disease risk and (b) proinflammatory immune responses with implications for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. This review also discusses the neuroendocrine and autonomic neural underpinnings linking sleep disturbance and immunity and the reciprocal links between sleep and inflammatory biology. Finally, interventions are discussed as effective strategies to improve sleep, and potential opportunities are identified to promote sleep health for therapeutic control of chronic infectious, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sleep disturbance impairs adaptive immunity and increases inflammation through HPA-axis and sympathetic pathways, linking sleep to infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. It synthesizes evidence that behavioral sleep treatments may reduce inflammatory markers, though mediation by inflammation remains unproven.
Key findings
- Insomnia complaints occur in nearly 25% of the US population, nearly 10% meet diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia, and insomnia persists for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients.
- Experimental sleep loss reduces T-cell IL-2 production, shifts Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2, reduces monocyte IL-12, and increases IL-10; partial sleep loss reduced influenza A vaccine response by over 50%, and shorter sleep duration (<6 h) was linked to decreased hepatitis B vaccine protection in 125 midlife adults.
- Sleep loss and short sleep increase inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-17 via NF-κB and TLR-4 signaling; insomnia with short sleep duration (≤5 h) was associated with a fivefold greater risk of hypertension and a fourfold increased risk of incident hypertension, while persistent insomnia conferred a 14-fold greater risk of depression in the following year.
- Behavioral treatments may reduce inflammation: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia was associated with 50% lower CRP one year after treatment among those with insomnia remission, and tai chi improved insomnia complaints, augmented herpes zoster vaccine responses, and reduced IL-6.
Methods
- Narrative review of psychoneuroimmunology literature; no primary data collection. It synthesizes human and animal experimental sleep deprivation, naturalistic sleep disturbance, epidemiologic cohorts, vaccine response studies, and behavioral intervention trials.
- Main analysis is a conceptual integration of sleep effects on adaptive and innate immunity, HPA-axis and sympathetic nervous system pathways, inflammatory signaling, and disease outcomes; no formal systematic search or meta-analysis is described.
Limitations
- Stated: no prospective study has systematically evaluated whether elevated inflammation mediates associations between sleep disturbance and cardiovascular disease or cancer, and the prospective role of sleep disturbance in driving inflammation that mediates depression is not known.
- Stated: epidemiologic findings on insomnia and CRP are mixed; no systematic studies have evaluated sedative hypnotics on markers of inflammation, and no randomized controlled trials have assessed whether inflammation is altered with pharmacotherapy of insomnia.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search, quality appraisal, and quantitative synthesis; heterogeneity in sleep measures, populations, and study designs limits causal inference.
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Claims the paper makes
96 Not checked yet · 22 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“the nocturnal increase of natural killer (NK) cell activity, a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system, is dependent in part on sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kronfol et al. 1997
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep has a critical role in promoting health.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“activation of the HPA axis releases cortisol that suppresses proinflammatory and antiviral immune responses by three mechanisms”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin & Cole 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“compelling evidence that disturbances of sleep including insomnia complaints and extremes of sleep duration adversely influence risk of infectious and inflammatory disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dew et al. 2003
- Not checked yetcites Kripke et al. 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mallon et al. 2002
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep plays an important role in the regulation of the adaptive and innate immune responses”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence indicates that sleep disturbance induces a downregulation of adaptive immunity, as indexed by an impaired response to infectious challenge”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“During sleep, blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine drop”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Besedovsky et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep also enhances the production of IL-12 by precursor dendritic cells as well as by monocytes”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006b
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“total night sleep deprivation diminishes the increase in IL-6 by about half”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vgontzas et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep influences the two primary effector systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which in turn regulate adaptive and innate immune responses.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Substantial evidence shows that behavioral treatments have robust efficacy, with remission of insomnia sustained in the long term”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2006a
- Not checked yetcites Morin et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GH and prolactin are well known to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of T cells as well as to promote type 1 cytokine activity”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“certain aspects of immunity are mainly influenced by circadian processes, whereas other immune measures are primarily steered by sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the aftermath of sleep disruption, such adrenergic signaling is thought to steer inflammatory gene expression and lead to increases in daytime levels of markers of innate immunity and inflammation”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest the possibility that short sleep duration might increase infectious disease risk by increasing susceptibility to viral pathogens or expression of symptoms, or both”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
hedgedconditionaln = 125- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the effects of sleep loss were persistent for up to one year, with a reduced frequency of antigen-specific Th cells as well reduced levels of antigen Ag-specific immunoglobulin G1”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2, and this effect is independent of the total number of circulating T cells”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Born et al. 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1996
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep, as described above, serves to prime the immune system to infectious challenge and to induce nocturnal activation of inflammatory signaling.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In experimental studies in which healthy adults are inoculated with a rhinovirus that produces symptoms of the common cold, poor sleep efficiency was associated with increased susceptibility to the common cold and greater symptom reporting”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Infectious Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet, in a vulnerable population of individuals who report chronic sleep disturbance, a single night of sleep loss triggers an activation of inflammation with increases in IL-6 and TNF, which is not found in those who have no underlying sleep problems (Irwin et al. 2004).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Experimental Sleep Loss, Innate Immunity, and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patel et al. (2009) found that each additional hour of sleep duration resulted in an increase in CRP and an increase in IL-6, whereas a shorter sleep duration was associated with an increase in TNF.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with recent findings indicating that sleep disturbance has a critical role in mediating the association between depressive symptoms and hypertension incidence (Gangwisch et al. 2010) as well as all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014)”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gangwisch et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suarez (2008) found that overall poor sleep quality was associated with increases inflammatory biomarkers, but only for women”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Suarez 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During NREM or SWS, sympathetic activity is decreased; during REM sleep, SNS outflow is higher, similar to daytime levels (Somers et al. 1993).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sympathetic Mechanisms Linking Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Somers et al. 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Immunologic response to vaccination is a valid proxy for infectious disease risk.
“Research on the effects of sleep loss on vaccine responses provides a translational perspective on the sleep-related changes in adaptive immunity by identifying clinically relevant endpoints related to infectious disease risk including immunologic response to vaccination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from experimental sleep deprivation in healthy adults generalize to naturalistic sleep disturbance and clinical populations.
“In humans, partial sleep deprivation mimics the ubiquitous sleep disturbance found in persons exposed to social adversity or who are aged and most vulnerable to infectious diseases.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep of adequate duration and quality is important for good human physical and mental health.97–100”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Hence, the findings of increased TNF production in the morning after sleep deprivation by Irwin et al. (256) may reflect a rebound effect of sleep, as participants were allowed to sleep in the second night half before blood was collected in the morning.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
In the citing paper
“Intracellular IL-6 production was not altered acutely during sleep compared with nocturnal wakefulness (147), but was increased in the morning after one night of partial sleep loss in healthy humans (89, 256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
In the citing paper
“Following sleep deprivation in the first night half, TNF production in monocytes and TNF mRNA were shown to be increased in the morning (256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
“levels of IL-2 are similar during a night of uninterrupted sleep or partial sleep loss”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP: ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP AND INSOMNIA > Sleep Characteristics
“sleep efficiency or the ratio of wake time to time in bed”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SUMMARY POINTS
“Sleep deprivation and naturalistic disturbance of sleep (i.e., short sleep duration or reduced sleep efficiency) impair adaptive immunity”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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“Inflammatory responses are thought to be linked to 15–20% of all deaths from cancer worldwide (Mantovani et al. 2008), in part due to cancer-related activation of NF-κB and multiple inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) (Karin 2006).”
BackgroundInflammation and Atherosclerosis
Libby, P., Ridker, P. M., & Maseri, A. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0902.104353 · Cited by 7,724
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Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07201 · Cited by 6,618 · cited 8×
“Partial-night sleep deprivation induces an increase in TLR-4-stimulated production of IL-6 and TNF, which is especially prominent in women who show sustained elevations ADRB2 TLR4 Circulation SNS nerve fibers Cardiovascular disease Major depressive disorder Cancer NF-κB Expression of proinflammatory immune response ge…”
BackgroundInfluentialMorin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.601 · Cited by 4,620 · cited 1×
“One example is the Insomnia Severity Index, which assesses sleep quality, fatigue, psychological symptoms, and quality of life, with a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of insomnia cases (Morin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn
Ohayon, M. M. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 · Cited by 3,743 · cited 1×
“…about 25% of the population of the United States report insomnia complaints (LeBlanc et al. 2009), and nearly 10% fulfill diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia (Morin et al. 2006b; Ohayon 1996, 2002), which is persistent for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients (Morin et al. 2009).”
BackgroundNuclear factor-κB in cancer development and progression
Karin, M. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04870 · Cited by 3,519 · cited 7×
“Transcription factor binding motifs that were overrepresented in the sleep-deprivation condition included the promoters of genes involved in regulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA)-induced transcription factors of the cAMP response element–binding protein/activating transcription facto…”
BackgroundInfluentialBaglioni, C., Battagliese, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.011 · Cited by 2,779 · cited 1×
“…the role of insomnia in the onset of depression (for a review, see Riemann 2010), with meta-analytic findings showing that sleep disturbance yields a twofold increased risk of depression (Baglioni et al. 2011) or is one of the first clinical signs of a depressive disorder (Dryman & Eaton 1991).”
BackgroundSleep Health: Can We Define It? Does It Matter?
Buysse, D. J. (2014) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3298 · Cited by 2,777 · cited 2×
“The purpose of the present review is to provide an integrated understanding of how sleep health (Buysse 2014) affects one salient biological mechanism, the immune system, with implications for infectious and inflammatory disease risk.”
Background
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Wu, Z., Hu, H., Wang, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.028 · Cited by 12
Yuan, S., Levin, M. G., Titova, O. E., Chen, J., Sun, Y., Program, V. A. M. V., Åkesson, A., Li, X., Damrauer, S. M., & Larsson, S. C. (2023) · European Heart Journal Open · doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oead008 · Cited by 13
“Sleep plays an important role in health and wellbeing.(1) Sleep disorders may lead to impaired cardiometabolic profile, activated sympathetic nervous system, systemic inflammation, and accelerated atherosclerosis.”
BackgroundYang, Z., Huang, J., Li, Z., Xu, H., & Guo, C. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05276-9 · Cited by 13
“However, a large number of studies have proved that bedtime procrastination can directly or indirectly lead to immune system disorder, increasing the risk of people suffering from cancer, diabetes, obesity, chronic infection and other diseases [51, 52].”
BackgroundWalsh, C. P., Lim, A., Marsland, A. L., Ferrell, R. E., & Manuck, S. B. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.002 · Cited by 14
“In support of this mechanism as related to our findings, sleep loss has been associated with upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes regulated by NFkB and AP-1 (Irwin et al. 2006, 2008; Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialIs There an Association between Sleep Disorders and Diabetic Foot? A Scoping Review
Fernández-Torres, R., Ruiz‐Muñoz, M., Belloso, A. J. P., García-Romero, J., & González‐Sánchez, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10112530 · Cited by 12
“Among the main effects that cause sleep disturbance are depression, fatigue, exhaustion, decreased quality of life and cardiac, systemic and metabolic alterations [14,15].”
BackgroundChen, J., Zhang, P., Kong, X.-Y., Ge, Y.-J., Li, X., Yang, S., He, S., & Chen, G.-H. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.02.017 · Cited by 12
Curatola, A., Ferretti, S., Gatto, A., Valentini, P., Giugno, G., Marca, G. D., Brunetti, V., & Lazzareschi, I. (2022) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738221096194 · Cited by 12
“Sleep quality is closely connected to psychophysical well-being and mental health.(5,6) Some studies conducted in Italy at the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown showed an alarming increase of sleep disturbances in adults, but also a worsening of sleep quality in children.”
BackgroundMousavi, Z. A., Lai, J., Simon, K. C. N. S., Rivera, A. P., Yunusova, A., Hu, S., Labbaf, S., Jafarlou, S., Dutt, N. D., Jain, R., et al. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/33964 · Cited by 12
“Sleep is a robust and transdiagnostic risk factor for various physical and mental health problems, including mood disorders [1-3].”
BackgroundSogawa, R., Shimanoe, C., Tanaka, K., Hara, M., Nishida, Y., Furukawa, T., Nagayoshi, M., Hishida, A., Kubo, Y., Kato, Y., et al. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.09.020 · Cited by 12
Zhao, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1476020 · Cited by 11
The how and why of sleep: Motor theory and catecholamine hypothesis
Ma, C., & Dan, Y. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.08.017 · Cited by 13
Zhang, S., Jiang, J., Hao, L., Yu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Meng, H. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3215 · Cited by 12
Mueller, R., Kuhn, E., Ranisch, R., Hunger, J., & Primc, N. (2023) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-023-09677-y · Cited by 10
“Not enough or poor sleep can influence the immune system, making the body vulnerable to pathogenic actions and thus influence the resistance to illness (Irwin, 2015; Wilder-Smith et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMedeiros-Oliveira, V. C., Viana, R. S., de Oliveira, A. C., Ferreira, M. V. N., & de Moraes, A. C. F. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102327 · Cited by 11
“…duration and inflammation is inconsistent because there are variations in sleep assessment methods, as well as follow-up time in cohort studies (Irwin, 2015; Taheri et al., 2007; van den Berg et al., 2008), and this is probably also the case in our review with the association between sleep…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhu, C., Zhang, Z., Wang, S., & Sun, Z. (2023) · Molecular Diversity · doi:10.1007/s11030-023-10756-x · Cited by 12
“Insomnia can significantly impact one's overall well-being, and in more severe instances, it can precipitate mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and even suicidal ideation [13, 14].”
Williamson, T. J., Garon, E. B., Irwin, M. R., Choi, A. K., Goldman, J. W., & Stanton, A. L. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001299 · Cited by 11
Self-citationFrom macro to micro: slow-wave sleep and its pivotal health implications
Ishii, T., Taweesedt, P. T., Chick, C. F., O'Hara, R. M., & Kawai, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1322995 · Cited by 15
“As most of the knowledge regarding the effect of cytokines on sleep to date is from animal studies, these inconsistent results may be due to more complex pro-and anti-inflammatory effects in humans (Irwin, 2015).”
Cipolla, S., Catapano, P., Bonamico, A. F., Santis, V. D., Murolo, R., Romano, F., Volpicelli, A., Perris, F., Schiavo, A. L., Fabrazzo, M., et al. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14090865 · Cited by 11
“These sleep disorders not only exacerbate the physical symptoms of psoriasis but also contribute to a vicious cycle of psychological distress [80].”
BackgroundAmbient chemical and physical approaches for the modulation of sleep and wakefulness
Wang, Y., Ma, W., Kong, L.-X., Zhang, H., Yuan, P., Qu, W., Liu, C., & Huang, Z. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.102015 · Cited by 13
Climate change and its impact on children and adolescents sleep
Lopes, M. C. (2024) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2024.10.009 · Cited by 13
Wang, M., Zeng, X., Liu, Q., Yang, Z., & Li, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.154 · Cited by 15
Bojar, I., Raczkiewicz, D., Gujski, M., Humeniuk, E., Wdowiak, A., Owoc, A., & Pinkas, J. (2020) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2020.94977 · Cited by 11
Socioeconomic disparities in health: Changes in sleep quality and inflammation during bereavement
Wu, E., Brown, R. L., Chirinos, D., Chen, M. A., de Dios, M. A., Taylor, D., Butner, J., Heijnen, C., & Fagundes, C. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100056 · Cited by 10
“Then, sleep becomes a valuable necessity for restoring immune functioning back to homeostatic levels [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialIrritable bowel syndrome in midlife women: a narrative review
Yang, P.-L., Heitkemper, M. M., & Kamp, K. (2021) · Women s Midlife Health · doi:10.1186/s40695-021-00064-5 · Cited by 15
Smith, P., Kandakatla, A., Frankel, C. W., Bacon, D. R., Bush, E., Mentz, R. J., & Snyder, L. D. (2021) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.06.011 · Cited by 12
Shell, A. L., Williams, M. K., Patel, J. S., Vrany, E. A., Considine, R. V., Acton, A. J., & Stewart, J. C. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00356-9 · Cited by 11
“…al., 2014), the somatic depressive symptom cluster (Case & Stewart, 2014; Fried et al., 2019), individual somatic depressive symptoms (Kappelmann et al., 2021), insomnia (Irwin, 2015), sleep restriction (Banks & Dinges, 2007), and short or long sleep (Irwin et al., 2016) with inflammation markers.”
BackgroundQuantifying the impact of data characteristics on the transferability of sleep stage scoring models
Supratak, A., & Haddawy, P. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102540 · Cited by 11
“Introduction Sleep is vital in promoting mental and physical health [8].”
BackgroundHenry, A. L., Chisholm, A., Carter, L., Bundy, C., Griffiths, C. E. M., & Kyle, S. D. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.03.013 · Cited by 10
Tighe, C. A., Dautovich, N. D., Hilgeman, M. M., & Allen, R. S. (2021) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2021.1878404 · Cited by 12
“Sleep is linked to a range of physical and psychological outcomes (e.g., Hertenstein et al., 2019; Irwin, 2015; Wallace et al., 2019) and whereas sleep disturbances can confer risk for adverse health outcomes, sleep health can promote optimal health and functioning.”
BackgroundSleep disturbance in cancer patients referred to an ambulatory integrative oncology consultation
Narayanan, S., Reddy, A. S., Lopez, G., Liu, W., Ali, S., Bruera, E. D., Cohen, L. G., & Yennurajalingam, S. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06668-x · Cited by 13
“Poor sleep has an impact on the immune system and inflammatory processes and plays a role in the psychoneuroimmunology axis [9].”
BackgroundThe Handbook of Wellness Medicine
Snellings, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108650182 · Cited by 11
Wang, L., Zhang, S., Yu, M., & Yuan, J. (2022) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-022-00834-1 · Cited by 11
“In addition, the consequences of sleep deprivation to the sympathetic system and endocrine system have been demonstrated both in animals and insomnia subjects by increasing sympathetic activity, causing vascular endothelial dysfunction [44], elevating evening corticotropin and cortisol levels [45], reducing natural ki…”
BackgroundGanglberger, W., Sun, H., Turley, N., Tripathi, A., Hadar, P., Gupta, A., Gallagher, K., Tesh, R. A., Kim, S., Nasiri, S., et al. (2026) · NEJM AI · doi:10.1056/aioa2500487 · Cited by 12
Bright, but allergic and neurotic? A critical investigation of the “overexcitable genius” hypothesis
Fries, J., Baudson, T. G., Kovacs, K., & Pietschnig, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1051910 · Cited by 9
“We hypothesized elevated rates of ADD/ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, asthma, allergies, autoimmune disorders, depression, generalized anxiety disorders and additional conditions that have exhibited etiological associations to psychoneuroimmunology (e.g., Haroon et al., 2012; Irwin, 2015; Moraes et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation between sexual function in women and sleep quality
Martínez‐Vázquez, S., Hernández‐Martínez, A., Peinado‐Molina, R. A., & Martínez‐Galiano, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1196540 · Cited by 12
Yang, J., Wang, K., Wang, W., Niu, J., Liu, X., Shen, H., Sun, Y., Ge, H., & Han, H. (2024) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd11020068 · Cited by 11
“Robust evidence has revealed that poor sleep quality may cause adverse immunological and metabolic changes, including increased susceptibility to infectious disease, decreases in growth hormone, and increases in sympathetic activation [8].”
BackgroundCan Improving Postoperative Sleep Speed Up Surgical Recovery?
da Silva, F. R., Guerreiro, R. D. C., Barreto, A. T., Brant, V. M., Silva, A., & de Mello, M. T. (2024) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1785522 · Cited by 10
The Sequelae and Moderators of Influence of Dandruff on Mental Health Among Mainland Chinese Adults
Chan, C. S., Smith, T., He, Z., & Garter, C. (2024) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s459498 · Cited by 13
“22,23 Finally, we hypothesized that those who were teased or ostracized as a teenager for dandruff would be more likely to perceive stigma as their dandruff severity increased.”
BackgroundMenghini, L., & Balducci, C. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000383 · Cited by 11
Insomnia among patients with chronic pain: A retrospective study
Ueda, M., Tetsunaga, T., Tetsunaga, T., Nishida, K., Takatori, R., Shitozawa, H., Uotani, K., Shinohara, K., Oda, Y., & Ozaki, T. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039113 · Cited by 11
Yang, T., Wang, H., Mou, Y., Liu, W.-C., Wang, Y., Song, X.-Y., Ren, C., & Song, X. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s482258 · Cited by 17
“119,120 The nasal hyperreactivity of AR is also closely related to disturbances between the adrenergic and cholinergic nerve responses.”
BackgroundThanawala, S., Abiraamasundari, R., & Shah, R. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16101248 · Cited by 12
“Sleep disturbances (acute) or sleep disorders (chronic) may predispose the individual to the development and progression of major illnesses and neural changes such as depression and low mood [1].”
BackgroundBigler, P., & Janzen, B. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103063 · Cited by 12
Toğuç, H., YILMAZ, H. Ö., & Yaprak, B. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01728-2 · Cited by 10
Li, Y., Pan, F., & Shen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1528677 · Cited by 11
“Sleep is an essential and complex physiological process that plays a critical role in maintaining both our physical and mental health (26).”
Wang, Y., Wen, Q., Luo, S., Tang, L., Zhan, S., Cao, J., Wang, S., & Chen, Q. (2025) · Health Data Science · doi:10.34133/hds.0161 · Cited by 12
“On the other hand, several reviews have summarized the role of sleep in immune system function, the disruption of which may induce infectious disease and proinflammatory responses [ 43 , 59 ].”
Wang, Y., Shi, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, H.-Y., Wang, X.-T., Mang, J., & Xu, Z. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000018786 · Cited by 10
Fucito, L. M., Ash, G. I., DeMartini, K. S., Pittman, B. P., Barnett, N. P., Li, C. R., Redeker, N. S., & O’Malley, S. S. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/26557 · Cited by 9
“Within the last decade, there has also been an explosion in the importance of sleep [66-68] and technology options for improving it (eg, mobile apps, wearable sleep biosensors) [69,70].”
Association Between the Anti-Aging Protein Klotho and Sleep Duration in General Population
Huang, D., & Wang, S. (2021) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s345927 · Cited by 10
“Inappropriate sleep duration mainly determines the imbalance between the two sympathetic nervous systems and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.(21) Moderate sleep duration is crucial for health.”
BackgroundBiofeedback as an Adjunct or Alternative Intervention to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Kremer, S., & Blue, T. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.10.003 · Cited by 11
The Ultra‐Long‐Term Sleep study: Design, rationale, data stability and user perspective
Ahrens, E., Jennum, P., Duun‐Henriksen, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14197 · Cited by 10
“Our sleep – wake cycle is one of the most prominent circadian rhythms, and sleep is critical for our mental and somatic well-being (Irwin, 2016).”
Ma, K.-L., Wang, H., Gao, X., Huang, J., Sun, C.-M., Qiao, N., Zhang, H.-X., Lu, Q. L., Que, X., Li, L., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.006 · Cited by 10
Jackowska, M., & Cadar, D. (2019) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.103967 · Cited by 11
“Specifically, population-based studies have found that women, when compared with men, appear to be more vulnerable to the effects of poor sleep quality and too short sleep duration, and show higher increases in inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (Irwin, 2015; Irwin et al., 2016; Irwin &…”
BackgroundGissoni, N. B., & Quaresma, M. V. L. D. S. (2020) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-019-0111-8 · Cited by 11
“related to various other diseases [21].”
Why is personality tied to sleep quality? A biometric analysis of twins
Križan, Z., Hisler, G. C., Krueger, R. F., & McGue, M. K. (2020) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104048 · Cited by 10
Effects of sleep and sleep deficiency on autonomic function in humans
Yang, H., Goldstein, M. R., Vazquez, M. A., Williams, J. P., & Mullington, J. M. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2021.03.023 · Cited by 9
The moderating role of gender in the association between quality of social relationships and sleep
Mousavi, Z. A., Tran, M.-L. M., Borelli, J. L., Dent, A. L., & Kuhlman, K. R. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00286-6 · Cited by 11
“Considering the importance of sleep as a transdiagnostic process that influences physical and mental health (Harvey, 2008; Irwin, 2015), it is important to identify modifiable determinants of sleep such as quality of social relationships to reduce the burden of physical and mental illness.”
Backgroundde Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A., Lourenção, L. G., Andrade, A. C. D. S., Carraro, J. C. C., Machado-Coelho, G. L. L., & Meireles, A. L. (2022) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2022.0139.r1.19082022 · Cited by 10
Bioenergy and its implication for yoga therapy
Narayanan, C., Korotkov, K. G., & Srinivasan, T. (2018) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_54_17 · Cited by 10
“Sleep and its impact on the immune system is known [34-37], and sleep has special reference in YS.”
Zamani, A., Haghnegahdar, A., & Vossoughi, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Dentistry · doi:10.18502/fid.v16i3.1592 · Cited by 10
A Corrugated PVDF-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Sensor for Physiological Signal Detection
Cao, Z., Wu, D., Yuan, Y., et al. (2026) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.5c04749 · Cited by 9
Palmer, C. A., Bahn, A., Deutchman, D., Bower, J. L., Weems, C. F., & Alfano, C. A. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01359-y · Cited by 12
“Sleep-wake processes are highly sensitive to stress and trauma and may exacerbate post-disaster difficulties [11].”
Sheng, H., Wang, R., & Liu, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1062148 · Cited by 11
“Frontiers in Psychology 02 frontiersin.org (Irwin, 2015) and death (Vaccaro et al., 2020; Heilbrunn et al., 2021).”
BackgroundXu, H., Li, W., Chen, J., Zhang, P., Rong, S., Tian, J., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Cui, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100297 · Cited by 9
“…(0 [-1 ‒ 4.5] in the insomnia group vs. 2 [0 − 7.5] in the non-insomnia group), 7 days NIHSS score (11 [4 ‒ 24] in the insomnia group vs. 8 [2 ‒ 14] in the non-insomnia group), and mRS score at 90 days (4 [2 ‒ 5] in the insomnia group vs. 3 [2 ‒ 5] in the non-insomnia group), there were…”
BackgroundInfluentialHong, L., Xu, H., Zheng, J., Lin, X., Wang, L., Zhao, C., Tu, X., Zhang, J., Zhao, K., & Zhang, G. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s462055 · Cited by 12
Paixão, L. T., Neves, L. A., Danese, M. V., & de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A. (2024) · Journal of Activity Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors · doi:10.1186/s44167-024-00067-3 · Cited by 9
Li, K., Dev, R. D. O., & Li, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1544194 · Cited by 9
Peng, Z., Song, J., Zhu, W., Bao, H., Hu, Y., Shi, Y., Cheng, X., Jiang, M., Fang, F., Chen, J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102109 · Cited by 10
“Insuf fi cient sleep has been linked to various health risks, including type 2 diabetes (relative risk range 1.09 e 1.40), coronary artery disease (relative risk 1.23), stroke (relative risk 1.05), and cancer (relative risk range 1.01 e 1.32) [4,37].”
InfluentialZhu, B., Gao, X., Zhou, M., & Wang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1466138 · Cited by 14
Wang, Q., Zeng, H., Dai, J., Zhang, M., & Shen, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1497703 · Cited by 9
Sleep deficiency exacerbates periodontal inflammation via trigeminal TRPV1 neurons
Li, J., Cui, Z., Gong, H., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Z., Zhang, Z.-H., Ma, Z., Zhou, N., Huang, C., Zhao, Y., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2424169122 · Cited by 12
“These effects are often attributed to sympathetic nervous system activation and hormonal dysregulation ( 15 , 52 ).”
Relationship between sleep and exercise as colorectal cancer survivors transition off treatment
Coles, T., Bennett, A. V., Tan, X. M., Battaglini, C. L., Sanoff, H. K., Basch, E., Jensen, R. E., & Reeve, B. B. (2018) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-018-4110-8 · Cited by 9
“Although polysomnography is considered the gold standard for sleep assessment, as a lab-based measure, polysomnography is burdensome for patients over time, and it may not adequately characterize sleep disturbance during real-life situations outside of the lab [44].”
BackgroundIs there any relation between arterial stiffness and insomnia? A challenging question
Sünbül, E. A., Sünbül, M., Taştekin, N., Özben, B., Sayar, N., & Güleç, H. (2021) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-021-02445-6 · Cited by 10
Zhang, X., Huang, W., Xu, H., Li, X., Wang, F., Wu, K., Li, C., Liu, Y., Zou, J., Zhu, H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1034785 · Cited by 11
Sleep Disturbance and Immunological Consequences of COVID-19
Bocek, J., Praško, J. P., Genzor, S., Hodný, F., Vaněk, J., Pobeha, P., Bělohradová, K., & Ocisková, M. (2023) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s398188 · Cited by 12
“In the current scenario caused by the coronavirus disease pandemic, sleep is important in maintaining a functional immune system and the population’s health.(7) Innate and acquired immunity is an important component of humoral communication.”
BackgroundInfluentialEngagement as a Privilege and Disengagement as a Pathology
Lemmon, G., Jensen, J. M., Wilson, M. S., Posig, M., & Thompson, K. R. (2018) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1056492618775842 · Cited by 13
“Sleep has wide-ranging implications on one’s life, and a lack of sleep results in deficits to attention, energy, safety, positive emotions, and generally, motivation (Barnes & Wagner, 2009; Irwin, 2015; Soderstrom, Jeding, Ekstedt, Perski, & Akerstedt, 2012).”
BackgroundPan, C., Wang, X., Yun-long, D., Li, P., Liao, Y., Ma, X., Yang, G., Dai, L., & Tang, Q. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027061 · Cited by 9
Decreased cpg15 augments oxidative stress in sleep deprived mouse brain
Li, C.-J., Li, J., Jiang, Y., Mu, Y.-W., Lu, D.-X., Xiao, Z.-Y., Jiang, H.-Y., Zhao, J., & Chen, X. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.132 · Cited by 9
Li, Y., Zhao, L., Yang, C., Yu, Z., Song, J., Zhou, Q., Zhang, X., Gao, J., Wang, Q., & Wang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.644845 · Cited by 9
“Moreover, sleep disorders are associated with a wide range of dysfunctions, including cardio-cerebrovascular disease, disturbed metabolism, low immunity, and impaired cognition (Irwin, 2015; Nicholson et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAutophagy: A Novel Horizon for Hair Cell Protection
Liu, C., Zheng, Z., Wang, P., He, S., & He, Y. (2021) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2021/5511010 · Cited by 10
“This phenomenon could be attributed to the disruption of repeated SD to the homeostasis, resulting in the disorders of immunological malfunction [96, 97] and autophagy system disorder.”
BackgroundYan, W., Zhuang, Z., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., & He, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1372827 · Cited by 10
Beydoun, M. A., Tate, R., Georgescu, M. F., Gamaldo, A. A., Vieytes, C. A. M., Beydoun, H. A., Hooten, N. N., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.206102 · Cited by 8
“There is a connection between sleep disturbance and increased systemic inflammation, which can cause damage to neurons and result in death [3, 41].”
BackgroundFrom surviving to thriving: How sleep, physical activity, and diet shape well-being in young adults
Cooper, J. R. H., Turner, R., & Conner, T. S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329689 · Cited by 10
“For instance, chronic poor sleep disrupts healthy biological functions, including immune system activation [102], cognitive impairment [103], and excessive daytime tiredness, which correlates with increased negative events and reduced positive affect [104,105].”
Understanding Fatigue: A Psychological Framework for Health and Performance
Lane, A. M., Micklewright, D. P., & Meijen, C. (2025) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci7040162 · Cited by 8
“If the aim is to reduce psychological fatigue by improving sleep, the proposed pathway might involve reduced neuroinflammation or improved cognitive recovery [38].”
Biobehavioral Implications of Covid-19 for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Recipients
Knight, J. M., Taylor, M. R., Rentscher, K. E., Henley, E., Uttley, H. A., Nelson, A. M., Turcotte, L. M., McAndrew, N. S., Amonoo, H. L., Mohanraj, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.877558 · Cited by 7
Peng, L., Jing, J., Ma, J., He, S., Gao, X., & Wang, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.995664 · Cited by 9
Sleep quality among inpatients of Spanish public hospitals
Bellon, F., Stremler, R., Rubinat, E., Padilla‐Martínez, J. M., Casado‐Ramírez, E., Sánchez-Ortuño, M. M., Gea‐Sánchez, M., Martín-Vaquero, Y., Moreno‐Casbas, T., & Abad‐Corpa, E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26412-7 · Cited by 8
Ren, A., Ma, M., Liang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Liu, Y., Fan, Q., & Cui, G. (2023) · Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ccmp.2023.100107 · Cited by 8
Al-Musharaf, S., Albedair, B., Alfawaz, W., Aldhwayan, M., & Aljuraiban, G. S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15184090 · Cited by 8
“Short and disturbed sleep may increase the risk of obesity [8], cardiovascular disease (CVD) [9], cancer [10], and depression [11].”
BackgroundRong, M., Jia, J., Lin, M.-Q., He, X., Xie, Z., Wang, N., Zhang, Z.-H., Dong, Y., Xu, W., Huang, J.-H., et al. (2024) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-024-00939-5 · Cited by 9
“Studies have observed that both chronic and acute sleep deprivation can alter the functioning of the immune system, including changes in organs such as the thymus and the levels of cells and factors such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and IL-6 [13, 22, 87, 88].”
BackgroundEffects of Magnetic Stimulation on Insomnia Based on Brain Functional Networks
Yu, H., Zheng, W., Liu, M., et al. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2018.2845367 · Cited by 8
“Insomnia is considered to be associated with poor quality of life, incident risk of mental disorders including anxiety and depression, and suicide [2], [3].”
BackgroundLinander, C. B., Kallemose, T., Joergensen, L. M., Andersen, O., Nehlin, J. O., & Jawad, B. N. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104223 · Cited by 8
Validity and reliability of an Arabic version of the Sleep Hygiene Index
Costa, J., Helou, S., Sleilaty, G., Costa, T., & Helou, J. E. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.040 · Cited by 8
Circadian rhythm and quality of life in older adults
Stallings, D. T., Lach, H. W., & Lorenz, R. A. (2021) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151457 · Cited by 8
Fenech, A. L., Perndorfer, C., Soriano, E. C., Otto, A. K., Brownlee, H. A., Morreale, M. T., Siegel, S. D., & Laurenceau, J. (2022) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07195-z · Cited by 8
Reduced Sleep Amount and Increased Sleep Latency in Prisoners: A Pilot Study in an Italian Jail
D’Aurizio, G., Tosti, B., Tempesta, D., Avvantaggiato, L., Splendiani, A., Sacco, S., Mandolesi, L., & Curcio, G. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13010132 · Cited by 8
“Focusing on cognitive functioning and behavior regulation, it has been reported that sleep loss or poor sleep quality can negatively influence several brain functions such as executive function [2–4], emotional processing [5,6], learning and memory consolidation [7,8], different aspects of behavior [9–11], and well-be…”
BackgroundA low-threshold sleep intervention for improving sleep quality and well-being
Eigl, E., Urban-Ferreira, L. K., & Schabus, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1117645 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Irwin, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Irwin, Michael R.
- ORCID
- Irwin, Michael R.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-01-03
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-172
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC4961463
- OpenAlex
- W2125158184
- Semantic Scholar
- d759f8bbeb16d0fa5077fc8d5439c63c7b49ee94
- Cited by
- 1,325
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 165 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026364, R01AG034588)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL079955, R01HL095799)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA032922)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA160245, R01CA119159)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep, sleep disorders, insomnia, sleep restriction, psychoneuroimmunology, adaptive immunity, innate immunity, antiviral immunity, vaccine response, infectious disease risk, pro-inflammatory response, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, neuroendocrine regulation, autonomic nervous system, sleep interventions, sleep health
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Psychoneuroimmunology, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders
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