The DOI matches its Crossref record; 203 of the 203 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 130 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Sleep has a critical role in promoting health. Research over the past decade has documented that sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease, the occurrence and progression of several major medical illnesses including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and the incidence of depression. Increasingly, the field has focused on identifying the biological mechanisms underlying these effects. This review highlights the impact of sleep on adaptive and innate immunity, with consideration of the dynamics of sleep disturbance, sleep restriction, and insomnia on (a) antiviral immune responses with consequences for vaccine responses and infectious disease risk and (b) proinflammatory immune responses with implications for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. This review also discusses the neuroendocrine and autonomic neural underpinnings linking sleep disturbance and immunity and the reciprocal links between sleep and inflammatory biology. Finally, interventions are discussed as effective strategies to improve sleep, and potential opportunities are identified to promote sleep health for therapeutic control of chronic infectious, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sleep disturbance impairs adaptive immunity and increases inflammation through HPA-axis and sympathetic pathways, linking sleep to infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. It synthesizes evidence that behavioral sleep treatments may reduce inflammatory markers, though mediation by inflammation remains unproven.
Key findings
- Insomnia complaints occur in nearly 25% of the US population, nearly 10% meet diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia, and insomnia persists for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients.
- Experimental sleep loss reduces T-cell IL-2 production, shifts Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2, reduces monocyte IL-12, and increases IL-10; partial sleep loss reduced influenza A vaccine response by over 50%, and shorter sleep duration (<6 h) was linked to decreased hepatitis B vaccine protection in 125 midlife adults.
- Sleep loss and short sleep increase inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-17 via NF-κB and TLR-4 signaling; insomnia with short sleep duration (≤5 h) was associated with a fivefold greater risk of hypertension and a fourfold increased risk of incident hypertension, while persistent insomnia conferred a 14-fold greater risk of depression in the following year.
- Behavioral treatments may reduce inflammation: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia was associated with 50% lower CRP one year after treatment among those with insomnia remission, and tai chi improved insomnia complaints, augmented herpes zoster vaccine responses, and reduced IL-6.
Methods
- Narrative review of psychoneuroimmunology literature; no primary data collection. It synthesizes human and animal experimental sleep deprivation, naturalistic sleep disturbance, epidemiologic cohorts, vaccine response studies, and behavioral intervention trials.
- Main analysis is a conceptual integration of sleep effects on adaptive and innate immunity, HPA-axis and sympathetic nervous system pathways, inflammatory signaling, and disease outcomes; no formal systematic search or meta-analysis is described.
Limitations
- Stated: no prospective study has systematically evaluated whether elevated inflammation mediates associations between sleep disturbance and cardiovascular disease or cancer, and the prospective role of sleep disturbance in driving inflammation that mediates depression is not known.
- Stated: epidemiologic findings on insomnia and CRP are mixed; no systematic studies have evaluated sedative hypnotics on markers of inflammation, and no randomized controlled trials have assessed whether inflammation is altered with pharmacotherapy of insomnia.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search, quality appraisal, and quantitative synthesis; heterogeneity in sleep measures, populations, and study designs limits causal inference.
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Claims the paper makes
96 Not checked yet · 22 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“the nocturnal increase of natural killer (NK) cell activity, a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system, is dependent in part on sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kronfol et al. 1997
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep has a critical role in promoting health.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“activation of the HPA axis releases cortisol that suppresses proinflammatory and antiviral immune responses by three mechanisms”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin & Cole 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“compelling evidence that disturbances of sleep including insomnia complaints and extremes of sleep duration adversely influence risk of infectious and inflammatory disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dew et al. 2003
- Not checked yetcites Kripke et al. 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mallon et al. 2002
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep plays an important role in the regulation of the adaptive and innate immune responses”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence indicates that sleep disturbance induces a downregulation of adaptive immunity, as indexed by an impaired response to infectious challenge”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“During sleep, blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine drop”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Besedovsky et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep also enhances the production of IL-12 by precursor dendritic cells as well as by monocytes”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006b
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“total night sleep deprivation diminishes the increase in IL-6 by about half”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vgontzas et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep influences the two primary effector systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which in turn regulate adaptive and innate immune responses.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Substantial evidence shows that behavioral treatments have robust efficacy, with remission of insomnia sustained in the long term”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2006a
- Not checked yetcites Morin et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GH and prolactin are well known to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of T cells as well as to promote type 1 cytokine activity”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“certain aspects of immunity are mainly influenced by circadian processes, whereas other immune measures are primarily steered by sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the aftermath of sleep disruption, such adrenergic signaling is thought to steer inflammatory gene expression and lead to increases in daytime levels of markers of innate immunity and inflammation”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest the possibility that short sleep duration might increase infectious disease risk by increasing susceptibility to viral pathogens or expression of symptoms, or both”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
hedgedconditionaln = 125- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the effects of sleep loss were persistent for up to one year, with a reduced frequency of antigen-specific Th cells as well reduced levels of antigen Ag-specific immunoglobulin G1”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2, and this effect is independent of the total number of circulating T cells”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Born et al. 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1996
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep, as described above, serves to prime the immune system to infectious challenge and to induce nocturnal activation of inflammatory signaling.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In experimental studies in which healthy adults are inoculated with a rhinovirus that produces symptoms of the common cold, poor sleep efficiency was associated with increased susceptibility to the common cold and greater symptom reporting”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Infectious Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet, in a vulnerable population of individuals who report chronic sleep disturbance, a single night of sleep loss triggers an activation of inflammation with increases in IL-6 and TNF, which is not found in those who have no underlying sleep problems (Irwin et al. 2004).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Experimental Sleep Loss, Innate Immunity, and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patel et al. (2009) found that each additional hour of sleep duration resulted in an increase in CRP and an increase in IL-6, whereas a shorter sleep duration was associated with an increase in TNF.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with recent findings indicating that sleep disturbance has a critical role in mediating the association between depressive symptoms and hypertension incidence (Gangwisch et al. 2010) as well as all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014)”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gangwisch et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suarez (2008) found that overall poor sleep quality was associated with increases inflammatory biomarkers, but only for women”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Suarez 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During NREM or SWS, sympathetic activity is decreased; during REM sleep, SNS outflow is higher, similar to daytime levels (Somers et al. 1993).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sympathetic Mechanisms Linking Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Somers et al. 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Immunologic response to vaccination is a valid proxy for infectious disease risk.
“Research on the effects of sleep loss on vaccine responses provides a translational perspective on the sleep-related changes in adaptive immunity by identifying clinically relevant endpoints related to infectious disease risk including immunologic response to vaccination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from experimental sleep deprivation in healthy adults generalize to naturalistic sleep disturbance and clinical populations.
“In humans, partial sleep deprivation mimics the ubiquitous sleep disturbance found in persons exposed to social adversity or who are aged and most vulnerable to infectious diseases.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hence, the findings of increased TNF production in the morning after sleep deprivation by Irwin et al. (256) may reflect a rebound effect of sleep, as participants were allowed to sleep in the second night half before blood was collected in the morning.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep of adequate duration and quality is important for good human physical and mental health.97–100”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Intracellular IL-6 production was not altered acutely during sleep compared with nocturnal wakefulness (147), but was increased in the morning after one night of partial sleep loss in healthy humans (89, 256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
In the citing paper
“Following sleep deprivation in the first night half, TNF production in monocytes and TNF mRNA were shown to be increased in the morning (256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
“levels of IL-2 are similar during a night of uninterrupted sleep or partial sleep loss”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP: ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP AND INSOMNIA > Sleep Characteristics
“sleep efficiency or the ratio of wake time to time in bed”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SUMMARY POINTS
“Sleep deprivation and naturalistic disturbance of sleep (i.e., short sleep duration or reduced sleep efficiency) impair adaptive immunity”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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“Inflammatory responses are thought to be linked to 15–20% of all deaths from cancer worldwide (Mantovani et al. 2008), in part due to cancer-related activation of NF-κB and multiple inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) (Karin 2006).”
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“Partial-night sleep deprivation induces an increase in TLR-4-stimulated production of IL-6 and TNF, which is especially prominent in women who show sustained elevations ADRB2 TLR4 Circulation SNS nerve fibers Cardiovascular disease Major depressive disorder Cancer NF-κB Expression of proinflammatory immune response ge…”
BackgroundInfluentialMorin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.601 · Cited by 4,620 · cited 1×
“One example is the Insomnia Severity Index, which assesses sleep quality, fatigue, psychological symptoms, and quality of life, with a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of insomnia cases (Morin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn
Ohayon, M. M. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 · Cited by 3,743 · cited 1×
“…about 25% of the population of the United States report insomnia complaints (LeBlanc et al. 2009), and nearly 10% fulfill diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia (Morin et al. 2006b; Ohayon 1996, 2002), which is persistent for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients (Morin et al. 2009).”
BackgroundNuclear factor-κB in cancer development and progression
Karin, M. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04870 · Cited by 3,519 · cited 7×
“Transcription factor binding motifs that were overrepresented in the sleep-deprivation condition included the promoters of genes involved in regulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA)-induced transcription factors of the cAMP response element–binding protein/activating transcription facto…”
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“…the role of insomnia in the onset of depression (for a review, see Riemann 2010), with meta-analytic findings showing that sleep disturbance yields a twofold increased risk of depression (Baglioni et al. 2011) or is one of the first clinical signs of a depressive disorder (Dryman & Eaton 1991).”
BackgroundSleep Health: Can We Define It? Does It Matter?
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“The purpose of the present review is to provide an integrated understanding of how sleep health (Buysse 2014) affects one salient biological mechanism, the immune system, with implications for infectious and inflammatory disease risk.”
Background
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Wang, L., Yu, Y., Shen, X., Li, X., Wang, D., Zhai, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, W., Yu, Q., Liong, M.-T., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1724829 · Cited by 2
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“…indicate that nicotine acts as a stimulant affecting central nervous system arousal, while alcohol disrupts rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and increases sleep fragmentation, leading to poorer overall sleep quality despite perceived short-term sedative effects (Medic et al., 2017; Irwin, 2015).”
InfluentialCoon, W. G., & Ogg, M. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02970-2 · Cited by 3
Трофимов, А. Н., Shcherbakova, K., Schwarz, A. P., Akbay, B., Karapina, O., Myrkhiyeva, Z., Shirokov, E., Kizatov, B., Zhukanov, K., Baktursyn, A., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27156606 · Cited by 3
Simple sleep questions can predict 12-year mortality in a rural population
Darviri, C., Artemiadis, A., Tigani, X., Darvyri, P. P., & Gnardellis, C. (2018) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-018-0147-9 · Cited by 2
Utility of Activity Monitors and Thermometry in Assessing Sleep Stages and Sleep Quality
Swalve, N. L., Harfmann, B. D., Mitrzyk, J., & Montoye, A. H. K. (2018) · Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour · doi:10.1123/jmpb.2018-0012 · Cited by 2
Wei, T., Li, M., Ai-ling, B., Liu, Y., Zhao, Z., & Cai, D. (2020) · Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science · doi:10.1007/s11726-020-1207-7 · Cited by 2
“Clinical epidemiological studies have suggested that insomnia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease([2]), mental disorder, including anxiety and depression([3]), as well as inflammatory disease([4]).”
BackgroundZhang, X., Huo, D., Meng, S., Li, J., & Cai, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.806694 · Cited by 3
“Insomnia also reduces performance by affecting employees’ physical and mental health (30).”
BackgroundSleep disorders in children with rheumatic diseases
Kelmanson, I. A. (2021) · Pediatrics Consilium Medicum · doi:10.26442/26586630.2021.3.201074 · Cited by 2
Impacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Sleep Pattern
Rabiei, S., & Nazari, M. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2022.01557 · Cited by 2
A Longitudinal Study of Sleep Habits and Leukemia Incidence Among Postmenopausal Women
Shang, H., HENDRYX, M. S., Liang, X., Shadyab, A. H., & Luo, J. (2023) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwad118 · Cited by 2
Menopause and sleep disturbances
Stenyaeva, N. N., Khritinin, D. F., & Steniaev, E. Y. (2023) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2023-333 · Cited by 2
Insomnia and Physical Activity Among Medical Students: a Cross-Sectional Study
Toubasi, A. A., AlSamhori, J. F., Falih, R. S., Alshadeedi, F., Samhouri, A. E. F., Tarazi, A., AlSamhori, A. F., & Kalbouneh, H. (2023) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-023-01593-y · Cited by 4
Associations of menopausal status and eating behaviour with subjective measures of sleep
Lankila, H., Kuutti, M. A., Kekäläinen, T., Hietavala, E., & Laakkonen, E. K. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14155 · Cited by 2
“Adequate sleep is essential for maintaining good physical and mental health (Appleton et al., 2022; Irwin, 2016).”
Wofford, N., Rausch, C. R., & Elkins, G. R. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2024.2324167 · Cited by 2
“Some studies indicate that self-hypnosis for sleep can be effectively administered via audio recordings, suggesting that remote delivery of self-hypnosis may be effective (Cordi et al., 2014, 2015; G. Elkins et al., 2021).”
BackgroundGutiérrez‐Espinoza, H., Cassola-Cajiao, M., Garzón-Ulloa, E., Celi-Lalama, D., Bastidas‐Caldes, C., Araya‐Quintanilla, F., Cristi‐Montero, C., & López‐Gil, J. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1352144 · Cited by 10
Agena, A. E. M., Mirghani, L. B., & Ali, A. S. (2024) · Advances in Hematology · doi:10.1155/2024/1766578 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, it plays a crucial function in enhancing health by impacting the susceptibility to infectious diseases, severe medical conditions, and mental well-being [2].”
BackgroundMultiplex influences on vigilance and biochemical variables induced by sleep deprivation
Liu, S., Ma, X., Chen, Y., Zhao, Y., Luo, R., Wu, Z., Li, Y., Qian, Y., Wang, W., Dong, S., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1412044 · Cited by 3
Dong, S., Zhou, S., Liu, J., Chen, N., Li, J., Han, Z., Liu, R., Xuan, C., Wang, W., Guo, L., et al. (2024) · Advances in Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.advms.2024.08.002 · Cited by 3
Kampani, E., Kotanidou, E. P., Tsinopoulou, V. R., Sapountzi, E., Ntouma, S., Pavlou, E., & Galli‐Τsinopoulou, A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11111372 · Cited by 2
“Since the 1980s, evidence has been available regarding the role of sleep in human homeostasis [11].”
Joubert, M., Beilharz, J. E., Fatt, S. J., Chung, Y. M., Cvejic, E., Vollmer-Conna, U. S., & Burton, A. R. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3509 · Cited by 2
Acute Stress Is Linked to Social Jet Lag and Sleep Patterns, Not Chronotype, in Young Adults
Gupta, I., Aggarwal, K., & Akhtar, N. (2024) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-024-00296-1 · Cited by 2
Night work and sleep debt are associated with infections among Norwegian nurses
Hosøy, D. H., Ørner, P. B., Pallesen, S., Saxvig, I. W., Bjorvatn, B., & Waage, S. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2455147 · Cited by 3
“…of certain cancers, obesity, cardiometabolic diseases, sleep problems, and gastrointestinal diseases – and dysfunctions as well as mood disorders such as depression (Booker et al. 2018; Brum et al. 2015; Buchvold et al. 2015; Gao et al. 2020; Hwang et al. 2022; Irwin 2015; Kervezee et al. 2020).”
Oral Cancer and Sleep Disturbances: A Narrative Review on Exploring the Bidirectional Relationship
Yang, R., Jin, H., Zhao, C., Wang, W., & Li, W. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17081262 · Cited by 3
“Other abnormal sleep disorders (such as partial arousal disorder and REM behavior disorder) have been shown to be associated with adaptive immune and inflammatory regulation and are closely linked to the occurrence and recurrence of tumors [7].”
Jiang, H.-F., Hu, W. M., Jin, T.-T., Shan, H., Zhu, T., Xu, J., Hu, Y.-M., & Dai, H. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-025-01931-1 · Cited by 2
Baldvinsdóttir, B., Wästberg, P., Hansen, B. M., Uvelius, E., & Kronvall, E. (2025) · Brain and Spine · doi:10.1016/j.bas.2025.104376 · Cited by 2
“…suffer from sleep disorders in the acute care setting (Fowler et al., 2021) and sleep deprivation has been linked to neuro-cognitive dysfunction including delirium (Leung et al., 2015; Lowe et al., 2017), impaired immune function (Irwin, 2015) and hyperalgesia (Larson and Carter, 2016) in humans.”
Zhao, X., Han, L., Ding, H., & Li, C. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23870-2 · Cited by 2
“Sustained insufficient sleep may activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, resulting in cortisol release and subsequently leading to detrimental immunological and metabolic alterations [40].”
Tang, B., Luo, M., Wang, D., He, Y., Zhang, C., & Yu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1656528 · Cited by 2
Sleep quality and body composition in active and inactive young adults
Maruszczak, K., Kasperek, W., Kustra, K., Przysada, G., & Kochman, M. T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-23324-0 · Cited by 4
Bonvanie, I. J. (2016) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 2
Komplementäre Therapien in der Onkologie
Voiss, P., Lange, S., Paul, A., Dobos, G., & Kümmel, S. (2018) · Der Gynäkologe · doi:10.1007/s00129-018-4365-7 · Cited by 1
Sleep Patterns Changes Depending on Headache Subtype and Covariates of Primary Headache Disorders
Domaç, F. M., Uludüz, D., & Özge, A. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.106497 · Cited by 2
Stressbedingte Krankheiten und deren körperliche Symptome
von Känel, R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-06072-5_5 · Cited by 2
Update on Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Implications for Neuropsychiatry
Baker, C. A., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2016) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16060115 · Cited by 2
Adil, H., Koser, A. A., & GUPTA, A. K. (2020) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0000653 · Cited by 2
Perera, D. M., & Moe, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108650182.005 · Cited by 2
Wellness Interventions in the Workplace
Chernoff, R. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108650182.020 · Cited by 2
Sharma‐Brymer, V., Dashper, K. L., & Brymer, E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108650182.034 · Cited by 2
Kim, S.-Y., Kim, J.-S., Byon, M.-J., Kang, H., & Kim, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207670 · Cited by 2
“Thus, sleep health may be promoted for therapeutic control of chronic infections and inflammatory and neuropsychiatric diseases [23].”
BackgroundKhir, S. M., Yunus, W. M. A. W. M., Mahmud, N. B., & Arif, L. S. M. (2020) · Cited by 2
Ermi̇ş, E., & İmamoğlu, O. (2022) · European Journal of Social Sciences Studies · doi:10.46827/ejsss.v7i4.1254 · Cited by 2
Modern understanding of the consequences of lack of sleep
Gavrilov, Y. V. (2022) · Medical academic journal · doi:10.17816/maj81192 · Cited by 2
Sleep patterns and awareness of the consequences of sleep deprivation in Saudi Arabia
Almowalad, E. S., Almarzouki, A. F., Alsalahi, S., Aljanoubi, F. A., Alzarah, S., Alobeid, O., & Aldhafeeri, M. M. S. (2022) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-022-02728-6 · Cited by 2
“Sleep is vital for an individual's well-being and plays an important role in physiological functioning [1], including the regulation of emotions [2], physical performance [3], immune resilience [4], and brain restorative processes [5].”
BackgroundCusatis, R. N., Ibrahim, A., Knight, J. M., D’Souza, A., & Shaw, B. E. (2023) · Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy · doi:10.56875/2589-0646.1036 · Cited by 2
“This retrospective study made the following important observations [1]: a large majority of transplant patients receive sleep aids during hospitalization [2]; a sizable minority of patients may be chronic sleep aid users given that they were prescribed at all timepoints assessed (30%) [3]; a wide variety of sleep aids…”
BackgroundYin, P., Fan, Q., Liu, L., Yang, M., Zhang, S.-X., Xu, L., Hou, W., Feng, Q., Wang, X., Jin, Z., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1301338 · Cited by 3
Samani, N., Ashtiani, R. D., Kheradmand, A., & Arabgol, F. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.696 · Cited by 2
“infectious diseases, so paying enough attention to this issue during the quarantine is of great importance.(27)”
BackgroundAledavood, T., Kivimäki, I., Lehmann, S., & Saramäki, J. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.09914 · Cited by 2
Eigl, E., Hinterberger, A., Topalidis, P. I., & Schabus, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3218498/v1 · Cited by 1
Mood Disorders and Sleep Quality among Undergraduate Students during Covid-19Preprint
Gogichadze, M., Mgbedo, N. E., Joao, I. S., Chukwu, C. V., Mohammad, R. A., Odzelashvili, I., & Landia, N. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0762.v1 · Cited by 1
Well-Being and Work–Life Balance
Bolton, M. A., Lobben, I., Pruzinsky, T., & Stern, T. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108650182.046 · Cited by 1
Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Spirituality
Idicula, S. A., Thrower, N., & Lomax, J. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108650182.029 · Cited by 1
Bokarius, V., & Bokarius, A. V. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108650182.037 · Cited by 2
Wellness Interventions in Patients Living with Chronic Medical Conditions
Steiner, A. J., Aguilar-Hernandez, L., Pizano, D. R., Dascal, J., & IsHak, W. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108650182.014 · Cited by 1
Bryant, E., Fidler, A., & Fedele, D. (2021) · UF Journal of Undergraduate Research · doi:10.32473/ufjur.v23i.128430 · Cited by 1
“It is a biological necessity of life, and loss of sleep has been proven to influence higher risks of various infectious and inflammatory diseases as well as mortality (Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Sleep Disruption and Circadian Misalignment on the Immune System
Garbarino, S., Bragazzi, N. L., & Scoditti, E. (2023) · Progress in Sleep Research · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0240-8_1 · Cited by 1
Kayaoğlu, B., Özdemır, D., Balık, A., & Karataş, M. Ö. (2015) · Aydın Dental · doi:10.17932/iau.dental.2015.009/dental_v09i2006 · Cited by 1
Relevance of sleep for wellness: New trends in using artificial intelligence and machine learning
Nag, D. S., Swain, A., Sahu, S., Chatterjee, A., & Swain, B. P. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v12.i7.1196 · Cited by 1
Relationship between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) with Quality of Sleep
Ginting, E. B., Darmadi, D., Sofyan, F., & Kaban, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Endocrinology Tropical Medicine and Infectiouse Disease (JETROMI) · doi:10.32734/jetromi.v6i2.14955 · Cited by 1
Lin, C.-P., Lin, C., Wu, H., Chung, C., & Chien, W. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039112 · Cited by 1
Jiang, X., Xie, L., & Wang, S. (2024) · Pacific International Journal · doi:10.55014/pij.v7i4.662 · Cited by 1
Age and Hair Cortisol Levels as Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Fiedler, N. L., Ohman‐Strickland, P., Shen, J. D., Black, K., Horton, D. B., Panettieri, R. A., Blaser, M. J., Carson, J. L., Bendinskas, K. G., Cheng, H., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21091166 · Cited by 2
“However, the working conditions experienced by the healthcare community are consistent with the increased susceptibility to respiratory illness associated with chronic stress [5,58,66].”
BackgroundSleep patterns, global mental status and mortality risk among middle-aged urban adults
Beydoun, M. A., Beydoun, H. A., Georgescu, M. F., Tate, R., Hossain, S. A., Vieytes, C. A. M., Gamaldo, A. A., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241297111 · Cited by 2
Kumar, R., Pandey, A., Vibhuti, A., Ali, M., Chang, C.-M., & Pandey, R. P. (2025) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1802321 · Cited by 1
Sarma, A., Ronde, M., Smit, S., Meerlo, P., & Havekes, R. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70079 · Cited by 2
Exploring the importance of bodyset for the psychedelic experience and beyond
Uthaug, M. V., Allocca, G., Havenith, M. N., Szabó, A., Rosas, F. E., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2025) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2025.00418 · Cited by 1
Macdonald, C., Pitsillos, T., Wikström, A.-K., Skalkidou, A., Meerlo, P., Olivier, J., Prins, J. R., Poromaa, I. S., & Kallak, T. K. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07634-9 · Cited by 1
The structure of sleep and how it may be altered by visual impairments
Ball, D. M., Abad-Hernando, S., Mann, S. S., Santhi, N., Speekenbrink, M., & Walsh, V. (2025) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.02.005 · Cited by 2
Validating an Arabic translation of the Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Mood (SCRAM) questionnaire
Bugahoos, H. A., Albinjasim, A. D., AlMashouk, Y., Alghamdi, A. A., Ammar, A., Ghazzawi, H., Trabelsi, K., Byrne, J. E. M., Vitiello, M. V., & Jahrami, H. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2510501 · Cited by 1
“Disturbances in sleep and circadian functioning are associated with increased risk for psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, and premature mortality (Irwin 2015).”
Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1545344 · Cited by 1
“Lack of sleep may promote the immune cascade (49, 50), and the transcription of inflammatory immune response genes is up-regulated, resulting in increased systemic inflammatory activity.”
Chapman, K. B., Yousef, T. A., Liabaud, B., Yusufov, S., van Helmond, N., & Vissers, K. C. (2025) · Neuromodulation (Malden, Mass.) · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2025.06.007
Environmental phenol mixture during pregnancy and child sleep quality in the ECHO cohort
Geiger, S. D., Xun, X., Zhang, C., Chandran, A., Madan, K., KIM, G. K., Naveed, F., Woodbury, M., Goin, D. E., Eick, S. M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1533015 · Cited by 1
Yue, X., & Li, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1649879 · Cited by 2
“For example, sleep duration significantly affects cognitive function and immune response (49, 50), while treatment-seeking behavior reflects health awareness and illness severity (51).”
Jiang, X., Liang, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2025) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102184 · Cited by 1
Alonezan, A., Alobidan, A., Alkahmous, A., Alhumaid, N. A., & Abahussain, R. (2025) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-025-00149-4 · Cited by 1
“It is also essential for immune function and cardiovascular stability [1, 2].”
Forouzanfar, M., Sardooeinasab, S., Baker, F. C., Colrain, I. M., & de Zambotti, M. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70212 · Cited by 2
“…applications aimed at improving downstream sleep-dependent processes, such as memory consolidation, given that prior research suggests this may occur through the enhancement of spindle activity phase-locked to the SO upstate (Ngo et al. 2013, 2015; Santostasi et al. 2016; Tononi and Cirelli 2006).”
InfluentialLaohapotjanart, C., Paphangkorakit, J., Jorns, T. P., So-ngern, A., Laohasiriwong, S., Sawanyawisuth, K., Chaichit, R., Pisek, P., & Ruangsri, S. (2025) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-025-03486-x · Cited by 1
Gaiduk, M., Alarcón, Á. S., Madrid, N. M., & Seepold, R. (2025) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.638 · Cited by 1
Roos, L. G., Gilliland, D., Julian, K. M., & Misra, R. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/81714 · Cited by 1
Sleep, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease in children and adolescents
Arora, T., & Grey, I. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00035-8 · Cited by 1
Non-Intrusive Sleep Staging with Integration of Ballistocardiography and Audio Signals
Jaworski, D. J., & Park, E. J. (2025) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11252681 · Cited by 1
Association between sleep disorders and rheumatoid arthritis in U.S. adults
Zheng, L., Li, G., & Hou, Z. (2025) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-025-03694-6 · Cited by 1
“[25, 26] Nevertheless, given the cross-sectional design of this study, causality and temporal direction cannot be established, and it is also possible that RA-related symptoms such as pain or psychological distress contribute to sleep disturbances.”
Sleep disruption from inhalation of biomass smoke: a basis for coincident hypertension?
Rentschler, K. M., Martin, W. K., Oshiro, W. M., Schladweiler, M. C. J., Jackson, T. W., Cascio, W. E., Kodavanti, U. P., Evansky, P., Lambright, C. S., STRADER, R. J., et al. (2025) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12989-025-00650-9 · Cited by 1
“Recent findings indicate that exposure to air pollution also disrupts sleep [10–13], a major determinant of health and well-being during which restorative endocrine and immune processes take place that are essential for resiliency to day-to-day stressors [14–17].”
Girma, B., Molla, A., Feleke, A., Tamir, T., Sefa, A., & Nigussie, J. (2025) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/bmri/6736381 · Cited by 1
“For this susceptible group, the combination of biological and psychological variables poses a signi fi cant obstacle to getting a good night's sleep [87, 88].”
Yang, S., Zhang, Z., & Lei, X. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.029 · Cited by 1
Wang, L.-P., Huang, J., Wang, Y.-W., Dong, J., Zhang, Y.-T., Bao, W.-W., Zhou, Y., Huang, J., Liang, L.-X., Amjad, M., et al. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14020134 · Cited by 1
“Since cholinergic and neuronal phospholipid pathways affect sleep–wake behavior [64], NTE inhibition might contribute to TCP-related sleep problems, though direct evidence is limited.”
Mannino, G. S., Lugo, A., Murphy, S. M., et al. (2026) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2026.100156 · Cited by 1
“Characterizing sleep-wake behavior is essential for understanding its impact on health and disease (Irwin, 2015).”
Karakaş, M., & Altuntaş, M. (2026) · Istanbul Medical Journal · doi:10.4274/imj.galenos.2026.16132 · Cited by 1
Neurotensin in the extended amygdala maintains wakefulness in novel environments
Hung, C. J., Ueda, S., Rahaman, S. M., Yamamoto, M., Li, J., Fukatsu, N., Bito, H., Yamaguchi, H., Yamanaka, A., Takemoto‐Kimura, S., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2521268123 · Cited by 1
“Sleep is a fundamental physiological process, and sleep disruption has been linked to various conditions, including psychiatric disorders, diabetes, and disturbances in the reproductive cycle (1–3).”
Milovanov, I. (2026) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2026.1758529 · Cited by 1
“At the neuroimmune level, stress-related disorders have been associated with altered immune regulation and microglial activation, which may contribute to synaptic and network-level changes underlying persistent symptoms (Calcia et al., 2016; Dhabhar, 2014).”
Insomnia and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in US Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results From HCHS/SOL
Lü, W., Wang, Y. B., Wu, S., Wang, M., Huang, J., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., & Ren, R. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.045593 · Cited by 1
“23 The observed age-and sex-specific effects may relate to underlying biological differences.”
Sleep deprivation silently undermines immunity
Zhou, Q., Feng, C., Li, S., Zhangyan, M., & Sun, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000004071 · Cited by 2
The role of sleep stages in the regulation of erectile function: impacts of REM sleep fragmentation
Andersen, M. L., & Tufik, S. B. (2026) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-026-01240-9 · Cited by 4
He, Y., Liu, Y., He, J., & Li, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1761499 · Cited by 1
“In older adults in particular, poor sleep is closely associated with negative emotional states such as depression and anxiety and interacts with stress-related physiological arousal (6).”
Chen, X., Zeng, W., Li, S., Wu, Y., Wang, Q., Zou, F., & Lin, Y. (2026) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2026.111740 · Cited by 1
He, G., Deng, M., Tong, Y., Wan, Z., Xu, W., Feng, T., Zeng, W., Xiao, L., Yang, D., Song, K., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1716598 · Cited by 2
“These findings suggest that sleep disturbances may compromise host health through sustained inflammatory activation (46).”
Time to wake up to the potential benefits of targeting sleep in osteoarthritis management
Hall, M., Ferreira, P. H., Eyles, J. P., HAWKER, G. A., Smith, S. S., Egorova, N., McCurry, S. M., Thorlund, J. B., & Klyne, D. M. (2026) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2026.03.122 · Cited by 1
Ma, R.-L., Kou, Y., Wang, Y.-Y., Wang, H., Shen, L.-F., Li, B., Zhang, L., Li, J.-W., & Yi, L. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-44114-2 · Cited by 1
Ji, Y., Chen, W., Yao, L., Liu, F., Sun, X., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106556 · Cited by 1
Montanari, A., Wang, A. L., Moser, M., Resch, B., Birenboim, A., & Chaix, B. (2026) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2026.02.008 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Irwin, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Irwin, Michael R.
- ORCID
- Irwin, Michael R.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-01-03
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-172
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC4961463
- OpenAlex
- W2125158184
- Semantic Scholar
- d759f8bbeb16d0fa5077fc8d5439c63c7b49ee94
- Cited by
- 1,325
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 165 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026364, R01AG034588)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL079955, R01HL095799)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA032922)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA160245, R01CA119159)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep, sleep disorders, insomnia, sleep restriction, psychoneuroimmunology, adaptive immunity, innate immunity, antiviral immunity, vaccine response, infectious disease risk, pro-inflammatory response, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, neuroendocrine regulation, autonomic nervous system, sleep interventions, sleep health
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Psychoneuroimmunology, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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